Pre-AP Test

Because I found myself completely gauche when it comes to SATII subject tests, here are the basics of AP testing. Get used to it!

1) Go to collegeboard.com. Hit the "For Students" section, unless you've already told the site to send you to that page automatically. Sign in, foo.

2) You will see the page below. PRINT YOUR ADMISSION TICKET.


3) Go through the security checkpoint, click "Print admission ticket"...


...and print the darn thing already. Make sure you look under TEST DAY REQUIREMENTS:
Unless otherwise noted above, be sure to show up by 7:45 am. The test is 1 hour, 95 questions.

I don't believe in saying good luck, so, uh, I hope your mental facilities are well-prepared!
-J.Tani

Chapter 36 vocab

THE END IS NIGH.

CHAPTER 36 VOCAB
8 words

Mikhail Gorbachev (896)
USSR ruler after 1985; renewed attacks on Stalinism; urged reduction in nuclear armament; proclaimed policies of glasnost and perestroika.

glasnost (896)
Policy of openness or political liberation in Soviet Union put forward by Mikhail Gorbachev in the late 1980s.

perestroika (897)
Policy of Mikhail Gorbachev calling for economic restructuring in the USSR in the late 1980s; more leeway for private ownership and decentralized control in industry and agriculture.

Boris Yeltsin (899)
Began to move up the ladder of the Communist party in Soviet Union in 1968, becoming First Secretary of the Moscow City Party Committee in 1985; initially a loyal backer of Gorbachev but increasingly criticized him for slow pace of reform; stood up to a coup attempt in 1991 but then managed to displace Gorbachev; in his position as president of the Russian republic, sponsored several subsequent constitutional provisions and weathered battles with opponents in parliament.

Persian Gulf War (903)
1991 war led by United States and various European and Middle Eastern allies, against Iraqi occupation of Kuwait. The war led to Iraqi withdrawal and a long confrontation with Iraq about armaments and political regime.

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (904)
Agreement that created an essentially free trade zone among Mexico, Canada, and the United States, in hopes of encouraging economic growth in all three nations; after difficult negotiations, went into effect January 1, 1994.

globalization (908)
The increasing interconnectedness of all parts of the world, particularly in communication and commerce but also in culture and politics.

multinational corporations (910)
Powerful companies, mainly from the West or Pacific Rim, with production as well as distribution operations in many different countries. Multinationals surged in the decades after World War II.


Etc. notes:
Pokemon, lolwhut?
My galumphing through the interwebs ends about now. :(

Chapter 35 vocab

Welcome back the carpal tunnel with ooooopen arms, babes.

CHAPTER 35 VOCAB
36 words

Pacific Rim (863)
Region including Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan; typified by rapid growth rates, expanding exports, and industrialization; either Chinese or strongly influenced by Confucian values; considerable reliance on government planning and direction, limitations on dissent and instability.

Taiwan (864)
Island off Chinese mainland; became refuge for Nationalist Chinese regime under Chiang Kai-shek as Republic of China in 1948; successfully retained independence with aid of United States; rapidly industrialized after 1950s.

Liberal Democratic party (866)
Monopolized Japanese government from its formation in 1955 into the 1990s; largely responsible for the economic reconstruction of Japan.

Republic of Korea (866)
Southern half of Korea sponsored by United States following World War II; headed by nationalist Syngman Rhee; developed parliamentary institutions but maintained authoritarian government; defended by UN forces during Korean War; underwent industrialization and economic emergence after 1950s.

People’s Democratic Republic of Korea (866)
Northern half of Korea dominated by USSR; long headed by Kim Il-Sung; attacked south in 1950 and initiated Korean War; retained independence as a communist state after the war.

Korean War (866)
Fought from 1950 to 1953; North supported by USSR and later People’s Republic of China; South supported by United States and small international United Nations force; ended in stalemate and continued division of Korea.

Hong Kong (867)
British colony on Chinese mainland; major commercial center; agreement reached between Britain and People’s Republic of China returned colony to China in 1997.

Hyundai (872)
Example of huge industrial groups that wield great power in modern South Korea; virtually governed Korea’s southeastern coast; vertical economic organization with ships, supertankers, factories, schools, and housing units.

Chiang Ching-kuo (874)
Son and successor of Chiang Kai-shek as ruler of Taiwanese government in 1978; continued authoritarian government; attempted to lessen gap between followers of his father and indigenous islanders.

Lee Kuan Yew (874)
Ruler of Singapore from independence in 1959 through three decades; established tightly controlled authoritarian government; ruled through People’s Action party to suppress political diversity.

People’s Republic of China (877)
Communist government of mainland China; proclaimed in 1949 following military success of Mao Zedong over forces of Chiang Kai-shek and the Guomindang.

Lin Biao (877)
Chinese commander under Mao; trained at Chiang Kai-shek’s Whampoa Academy in the 1920s.

party cadres (877)
Basis of China’s communist government organization; cadre advisors were attached to military contingents at all levels.

People’s Liberation Army (877)
Chinese Communist army; administered much of country under People’s Republic of China.

Mass Line (878)
Economic policy of Mao Zedong; led to formation of agricultural cooperatives in 1955; cooperatives became farming collectives in 1956.

Great Leap Forward (879)
Economic policy of Mao Zedong introduced in 1958; proposed industrialization of small-scale projects integrated into peasant communes; led to economic disaster; ended in 1960.

pragmatists (880)
Chinese Communist politicians such as Zhou Enlai, Deng Ziaoping, and Liu Shaoqui; determined to restore state direction and market incentives at the local level; opposed Great Leap Forward.

Zhou Enlai (880)
After Mao Zedong, the most important leader of the Communist party in China from the 1930s until his death in 1976; premier of China from 1954; notable as perhaps the most cosmopolitan and moderate of the inner circle of Communist leaders.

Liu Shaoqui (880)
Chinese Communist pragmatist; with Deng Xiaoping, came to power after Mao; determined to restore state direction and market incentives at local level.

Deng Ziaoping (880)
One of the more pragmatic, least ideological of the major Communist leaders of China; joined the party as a young man in the 1920s, survived the legendary Long March and persecution during the Cultural Revolution of the 1970s, and emerged as China’s most influential leader in the early 1980s.

Jiang Qing (880)
Wife of Mao Zedong; one of Gang of Four; opposed pragmatists and supported Cultural Revolution of 1965; arrested and imprisoned for life in 1976.

Cultural Revolution (882)
Movement initiated in 1965 by Mao Zedong to restore his dominance over pragmatists; used mobs to ridicule Mao’s political rivals; campaign was called off in 1968.

Red Guard (882)
Student brigades utilized by Mao Zedong and his political allies during the Cultural Revolution to discredit Mao’s political enemies.

Gang of Four (883)
Jiang Qing and four political allies who attempted to seize control of Communist government in China from the pragmatists; arrested and sentences to life imprisonment in 1976 following Mao Zedong’s death.

Tayson Rebellion (884)
Peasant revolution in southern Vietnam during the late 1770s; succeeded in toppling the Nguyen dynasty; subsequently unseated the Trinh dynasty of northern Vietnam.

Trinh (884)
Dynasty that ruled in northern Vietnam at Hanoi; rivals of Nguyen family in south.

Nguyen Anh (884)
Last surviving member of Nguyen dynasty following Tayson Rebellion in Vietnam; with French support retook southern Vietnam; drove Tayson from northern Vietnam by 1802; proclaimed himself emperor with capital at Hue; also known as Gia Long.

Minh Mang (884)
Second emperor of a united Vietnam; successor of Nguyen Anh; ruled from 1820 to 1841; sponsored emphasis of Confucianism; persecuted Catholics.

Vietnamese Nationalist party (885)
Also known as the Vietnamese Quoc Dan Dong or VNQDD; active in 1920s as revolutionary force committed to violent overthrow of French colonialism.

Communist party of Vietnam (886)
Originally a wing of nationalist movement; became primary nationalist party after decline of VNQDD in 1929; led in late 1920s by Nguyen Ai Quoc, alias Ho Chi Minh.

Ho Chi Minh (886)
Also known as Nguyen Ai Quoc; led Vietnamese Communist party in struggle for liberation from French and U.S. dominance and to unify north and south Vietnam.

Viet Minh (886)
Communist-dominated Vietnamese nationalist movement; operated out of base in southern China during World War II; employed guerilla tactics similar to the Maoists in China.

Vo Nguyen Giap (886)
Chief military commander of the Viet Minh; architect of the Vietnamese victory over the French at Dien Bien Phu in 1954.

Dien Bien Phu (886)
Most significant victory of the Viet Minh over French colonial forces in 1954; gave the Viet Minh control of northern Vietnam.

Ngo Dinh Diem (887)
Political leader of South Vietnam; established as president with United States support in the 1950s; opposed Communist government of North Vietnam; overthrown by military coup supported by United States.

Viet Cong (887)
Name given by Diem regime to communist guerrilla movement in southern Vietnam; reorganized with northern Vietnamese assistance as the National Liberation Front in 1958.


Etc. notes:
Our time is drawing to a close, loved ones! It was certain fugacious, was it not?

Chapter 34 vocab

CHAPTER 34 VOCAB
21 words

Bangladesh (837)
Founded as an independent nation in 1972; formerly East Pakistan.

Indira Gandhi (845)
Daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru (no relation to Mahatma Gandhi); installed as a figurehead prime minister by the Congress party bosses in 1966; a strong-willed and astute politician, she soon became the central figure in India politics, a position she maintained through the 1970s and passed on to her sons.

Corazon Aquino (845)
First president of the Philippines in the post-Marcos era of the 1980s; Aquino, whose husband was assassinated by thugs in the pay of the Marcos regime, was one of the key leaders in the popular movement that toppled the dictator.

Jawaharlal Nehru (845)
One of Gandhi’s disciples; governed India after independence (1947); committed to program of social reform and economic development; preserved civil rights and democracy.

Benazir Bhutto (845)
Twice prime minister of Pakistan in the 1980s and 1990s; first ran for office to avenge her father’s execution by the military clique then in power.

religious revivalism (846)
An approach to religious belief and practice that stresses the literal interpretation of texts sacred to the religion in question and the application of their precepts to all aspects of social life; increasingly associated with revivalist movements in a number of world religions, including Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and Hinduism.

primary products (846)
Food or industrial crops for which there is a high demand in industrialized economies; prices of such products tend to fluctuate widely; typically the primary exports of Third World economies.

neocolonial economy (846)
Industrialized nations’ continued dominance of the world economy; ability of the industrialized nations to maintain economic colonialism without political colonialism.

Gamal Abdul Nasser (850)
Took power in Egypt following a military coup in 1952; enacted land reforms and used state resources to reduce unemployment; ousted Britain from the Suez Canal zone in 1956.

Free Officers movement (850)
Military nationalist movement in Egypt founded in the 1930s; often allied with the Muslim Brotherhood; led coup to seize Egyptian government from khedive in July 1952.

Muslim Brotherhood (850)
Egyptian nationalist movement founded by Hasan al-Banna in 1928; committed to fundamentalist movement in Islam; fostered strikes and urban riots against the khedival government.

Anwar Sadat (853)
Successor to Gamal Abdul Nasser as ruler of Egypt; acted to dismantle costly state programs; accepted peace treaty with Israel in 1973; opened Egypt to investment by Western nations.

Hosni Mubarak (854)
President of Egypt since 1982; succeeding Anwar Sadat and continuing his policies of cooperation with the West.

Green Revolution (854)
Introduction of improved seed strains, fertilizers, and irrigation as a means of producing higher yields in crops such as rice, wheat, and corn; particularly important in the densely populated countries of Asia.

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini (855)
Religious ruler of Iran following revolution of 1979 to expel the Pahlavi shah of Iran; emphasized religious purification; tried to eliminate Western influences and establish purely Islamic government.

homelands (857)
Under apartheid, areas in South Africa designated for ethnolinguistic groups within the black African population; such areas tend to be overpopulated and poverty-stricken.

African National Congress (858)
Black political organization within South Africa; pressed for end to policies of apartheid; sought open democracy leading to black majority rule; until the 1990s declared illegal in South Africa.

Walter Sisulu (858)
Black African leader who, along with Nelson Mandela, opposed apartheid system in South Africa.

Nelson Mandela (858)
Long-imprisoned leader of the African National Congress party; worked with ANC leadership and F. W. de Klerk’s supporters to dismantle the apartheid system from the mid-1980s onward; in 1994, became the first black prime minister of South Africa after the ANC won the first genuinely democratic elections in the country’s history.

Steve Biko (858)
An organizer of Black Consciousness movement in South Africa, in opposition to apartheid; murdered while in police custody.

F. W. de Klerk (858)
White South Africa prime minister in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Working with Nelson Mandela and the African National Congress, de Klerk successfully dismantled the apartheid system and opened the way for a democratically elected government that represented all South Africans for the first time.

I have hand cramp like whoa from the two essays we did in a row. :\ No fair, Mr. Allen. I purposely leave my outline until Thursday evening, and I do well on your tests! *flail* Grrrnaghh!


Etc. notes:
My word-of-the-post for this one was illimitable. Just how did I end up using that one in the proper context, anyway? ...Oh, yeah. In reference to the cuteness level at CuteOverload.com. Have you gone yet? Have you? You better. Get comfy with those bunnies and mousies and chickies.

Chapter 33 vocab

This is probably the season in which your grades dip a little lower than you'd like. I should know; I was in the B range around this time, judging by the earlier version of this post. Well, don't sweat it too much. Most of the time it fixes itself.

CHAPTER 33 VOCAB
15 words

third world (813)
Also known as developing nations; nations outside the capitalist industrial nations of the first world and the industrialized communist nations of the second world; generally less economically powerful, but with varied economies.

PRI (816)
Party of the Institutionalized Revolution; dominant political party in Mexico; developed during the 1920s and 1930s; incorporated labor, peasant, military, and middle-class sectors; controlled other political organizations in Mexico.

Zapatistas (816)
Guerrilla movement named in honor of Emiliano Zapata; originated in 1994 in Mexico’s southern state of Chiapas; government responded with a combination of repression and negotiation.

Juan José Arevalo (819)
Elected president of Guatemala in 1944; began series of socialist reforms including land reform; nationalist program directed against foreign-owned companies such as United Fruit Company.

United Fruit Company (819)
Most important foreign economic concern in Guatemala during the 20^th century; attempted land reform aimed at United Fruit caused U.S. intervention in Guatemalan politics leading to ouster of reform government in 1954.

Fulgencio Batista (819)
Dictator of Cuba from 1934 to 1944; returned to presidency in 1952; ousted from government by revolution led by Fidel Castro.

Fidel Castro (820)
Cuban revolutionary; overthrew dictator Fulgencio Batista in 1958; initiated series of socialist reforms; came to depend almost exclusively on Soviet Untion.

Ernesto “Che” Guevara (820)
Argentine revolutionary; aided Fidel Castro in overthrow of Fulgencio Batista regime in Cuba; died while directing guerrilla movement in Bolivia in 1967.

liberation theology (821)
Combined Catholic theology and socialist principles in effort to bring about improved conditions for the poor in Latin America in 20^th century.

Salvador Allende (823)
President of Chile; nationalized industries and banks; sponsored peasant and worker expropriations of lands and foreign-owned factories; overthrown in 1973 by revolt of Chilean military with the support of the United States.

Sandinista party (824)
Nicaraguan socialist movement named after Augusto Sandino; successfully carried out a socialist revolution in Nicaragua during the 1980s.

Augusto Sandino (825)
Led a guerrilla resistance movement against U.S. occupation forces in Nicaragua; assassinated by Nicaraguan National Guard in 1934; became national hero and symbol of resistance to U.S. influence in Central America.

banana republics (825)
Term given to governments supported or created by the United States in Central America; believed to be either corrupt or subservient to U.S. interests.

Good Neighbor Policy (826)
Established by Franklin D. Roosevelt for dealing with Latin America in 1933; intended to halt direct intervention in Latin American politics.

Alliance for Progress (826)
Begun in 1961 by the United States to develop Latin America as an alternative to radical political solutions; enjoyed only limited success; failure of development programs led to renewal of direct intervention.

Etc. notes:
Google's Quote of the Day service spits this out at me. Propitious? I dunno.
"Disobedience, in the eyes of anyone who has read history, is man's original virtue. It is through disobedience and rebellion that progress has been made."
- Oscar Wilde.

Chapter 32 vocab

Circumlocution. It is a good word.

CHAPTER 32 VOCAB
15 words

eastern bloc (781)
Nations favorable to the Soviet Union in eastern Europe during the cold war – particularly Poland, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, and East Germany.

Harry Truman (781)
American president from 1945 to 1952; less eager for smooth relations with the Soviet Union than Franklin Roosevelt; authorized use of atomic bomb during World War II; architect of American diplomacy that initiated the cold war.

iron curtain (781)
Phrase coined by Winston Churchill to describe the division between free and communist societies taking shape in Europe after 1946.

Marshall Plan (781)
Program for substantial loans initiated by the United States in 1947; designed to aid Western nations in rebuilding from the war’s devastation; vehicle for American economic dominance.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (782)
Created in 1949 under United States leadership to group most of the western European powers plus Canada in a defensive alliance against possible Soviet aggression.

Warsaw Pact (782)
Alliance organized by Soviet Union with its eastern European satellites to balance formation of NATO by Western powers in 1949.

welfare state (784)
New activism of the western European state in economic policy and welfare issues after World War II; introduced programs to reduce the impact of economic inequality; typically included medical programs and economic planning.

technocrat (785)
New type of bureaucrat; intensely trained in engineering or economics and devoted to the power of national planning; came to fore in offices of governments during World War II.

Green movement (785)
Political parties, especially in Europe, focusing on environmental issues and control over economic growth.

European Union (786)
Began as European Economic Community (or Common Market), an alliance of Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands, to create a single economic entity across national boundaries in 1958; later joined by Britain, Ireland, Denmark, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Sweden, Austria, Finland, and other nations for further European economic integration.

new feminism (796)
New wave of women’s rights agitation dating from 1949; emphasized more literal equality that would play down domestic roles and qualities for women; promoted specific reforms and redefinition of what it meant to be female.

Berlin Wall (800)
Built in 1961 to halt the flow of immigration from East Berlin to West Berlin; immigration was in response to lack of consumer goods and close Soviet control of economy and politics; torn down at end of cold war in 1991.

Solidarity (800)
Polish labor movement formed in 1970s under Lech Walesa; challenged USSR-dominated government of Poland.

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (803)
Russian author critical of the Soviet regime but also of western materialism; published trilogy on the Siberian prison camps, The Gulag Archipelago.

Nikita Khrushchev (805)
Stalin’s successor as head of USSR; attacked Stalinism in 1956 for concentration of power and arbitrary dictatorship; failure of Siberian development program and antagonism of Stalinists led to downfall.


Etc. notes:
And your quote o' the post, provided by my favorite poet, Carl Sandburg:
"I never made a mistake in grammar but one in my life and as soon as I done it I seen it.”

Chapter 31 vocab

CHAPTER 31 VOCAB
28 words

National Socialist party (753)
Also known as the Nazi party; led by Adolf Hitler in Germany; picked up political support during the economic chaos of the Great Depression; advocated authoritarian state under a single leader, aggressive foreign policy to reverse humiliation of the Versailles treaty; took power in Germany in 1933.

blitzkrieg (757)
German term for lightning warfare; involved rapid movement of troops, tanks, and mechanized carriers; resulted in early German victories over Belgium, Holland, and France in World War II.

Vichy (757)
French collaborationist government established in 1940 in southern France following defeat of French armies by the Germans.

Winston Churchill (758)
British prime minister during World War II; responsible for British resistance to German air assaults.

Battle of Britain (758)
The 1940 Nazi air offensive including saturation bombing of London and other British cities, countered by British innovative air tactics and radar tracking of Germany assault aircraft.

Holocaust (760)
Term for Hitler’s attempted genocide of European Jews during World War II; resulted in deaths of 6 million Jews.

Battle of the Bulge (761)
Hitler’s last-ditch effort to repel the invading Allied armies in the winter of 1944-1945.

Pearl Harbor (761)
American naval base in Hawaii; attack by Japanese on this facility in December 1941 crippled American fleet in the Pacific and caused entry of United States into World War II.

Battle of the Coral Sea (762)
World War II Pacific battle; United States and Japanese forces fought to a standoff.

Midway Island (762)
World War II Pacific battle; decisive U.S. victory over powerful Japanese carrier force.

United Nations (764)
International organization formed in the aftermath of World War II; included all of the victorious Allies; its primary mission was to provide a forum for negotiating disputes.

Tehran Conference (765)
Meeting among leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union in 1943; agreed to the opening of a new front in France.

Yalta Conference (765)
Meeting among leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union in 1945; agreed to Soviet entry into the Pacific war in return for possessions in Manchuria, organization of the United Nations; disputed the division of political organization in the eastern European states to be reestablished after the war.

Potsdam Conference (765)
Meeting among leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union just before the end of World War II in 1945; Allies agreed upon Soviet domination in eastern Europe; Germany and Austria to be divided among victorious allies.

total war (767)
Warfare of the 20th century; vast resources and emotional commitments of belligerent nations were marshaled to support military effort; resulted from impact of industrialization on the military effort reflecting technological innovation and organizational capacity.

Atlantic Charter of 1941 (767)
World War II alliance agreement between the United States and Britain; included a clause that recognized the right of all people to choose the form of government under which they live; indicated sympathy for decolonization.

Quit India movement (767)
Mass civil disobedience campaign that began in the summer of 1942 to end British control of India.

Muslim League (768)
Founded in 1906 to better support demands of Muslims for separate electorates and legislative seats in Hindu-dominated India; represented division within Indian nationalist movement.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah (768)
Muslim nationalist in India; originally a member of the Nationalist Congress party; became leader of Muslim League; traded Muslim support for British during World War II for promises of a separate Muslim state after the war; first president of Pakistan.

Convention Peoples Party (CPP) (769)
Political party established by Kwame Nkrumah in opposition to British control of colonial legislature in Gold Coast.

Jomo Kenyatta (771)
Leader of the nonviolent nationalist party in Kenya; organized the Kenya Africa Union (KAU); failed to win concessions because of resistance of white settlers; came to power only after suppression of the Land Freedom Army, or Mau Mau.

Kenya African Union (KAU) (771)
Leading nationalist party in Kenya; adopted nonviolent approach to ending British control in the 1950s.

Land Freedom Army (771)
Radical organization for independence in Kenya; frustrated by failure of nonviolent means, initiated campaign of terror in 1952; referred to by British as the Mau Mau.

National Liberation Front (FLN) (771)
Radical nationalist movement in Algeria; launched sustained guerrilla war against France in the 1950s; success of attacks led to independence of Algeria in 1958.

Secret Army Organization (OAS) (772)
Organization of French settlers in Algeria; led guerrilla war following independence during the 1960s; assaults directed against Arabs, Berbers, and French who advocated independence.

Afrikaner National Party (773)
Emerged as the majority party in the all-white South African legislature after 1948; advocated complete independence from Britain; favored a rigid system of racial segregation called apartheid.

apartheid (773)
Policy of strict racial segregation imposed in South Africa to permit the continued dominance of whites politically and economically.

Haganah (774)
Zionist military force engaged in violent resistance to British presence in Palestine in the 1940s.

Etc. notes:
I don't think I actually had a word-of-the-post in the first version of this entry. Shame. And I shall keep it that way. B)

Chapter 30 vocab

ENJOY YOUR CARPAL TUNNEL. 8)

CHAPTER 30 VOCAB
19 words

Great Depression (727)
International economic crisis following the First World War; began with collapse of American stock market in 1929; actual causes included collapse of agricultural prices in 1920s; included collapse of banking houses in the United States and western Europe, massive unemployment; contradicted optimistic assumptions of 19^th century.

socialism in one country (730)
Joseph Stalin’s concept of Russian communism based solely on the Soviet Union rather than the Leninist concept of international revolution; by cutting off the Soviet Union from other economies, the USSR avoided worst consequences of the Great Depression.

Popular Front (731)
Combination of socialist and communist political parties in France; won election in 1936; unable to take strong measures of social reform because of continuing strength of conservatives; fell from power in 1938.

New Deal (732)
President Franklin Roosevelt’s precursor of the modern welfare state (1933-1939); programs to combat economic depression enacted a number of social insurance measures and used government spending to stimulate the economy; increased power of the state and the state’s intervention in United States social and economic life.

totalitarian state (732)
A new kind of government in the 20^th century that exercised massive, direct control over virtually all the activities of its subjects; existed in Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union.

Gestapo (734)
Secret police in Nazi Germany, known for brutal tactics.

Anschluss (735)
Hitler’s union of Germany with the German-speaking population of Austria; took place in 1938, despite complaints of other European nations.

appeasement (735)
Policy of Neville Chamberlain, British prime minister who hoped to preserve peace in the face of German aggression; particularly applied to Munich Conference agreements; failed when Hitler invaded Poland in 1939.

Spanish Civil War (736)
War pitting authoritarian and military leaders in Spain against republicans and leftists between 1936 and 1939; Germany and Italy supported the royalists; the Soviet Union supported the republicans; led to victory of the royalist forces.

import substitution industrialization (736)
Typical of Latin American economies; domestic production of goods during the 20^th century that had previously been imported; led to light industrialization.

syndicalism (737)
Economic and political system based on the organization of labor; imported in Latin America from European political movements; militant force in Latin American politics.

Tragic Week (737)
Occurred in Argentina in 1919; government response to general strike of labor forces led to brutal repression under guise of nationalism.

corporatism (738)
Political ideology that emphasized the organic nature of society and made the state a mediator, adjusting the interests of different social groups; appealed to conservative groups in European and Latin American societies and to the military.

Lázaro Cárdenas (738)
President of Mexico from 1934 to 1940; responsible for redistribution of land, primarily to create ejidos, or communal farms; also began program of primary and rural education.

Getúlio Vargas (738)
Elected president of Brazil in 1929; launched centralized political program by imposing federal administrators over state governments; held off coups by communists in 1935 and fascists in 1937; imposed a new constitution based on Mussolini’s Italy; leaned to communists after 1949; committed suicide in 1954.

Juan D. Perón (739)
Military leader in Argentina who became dominant political figure after military coup in 1943; used position as Minister of Labor to appeal to working groups and the poor; became president in 1946; forced into exile in 1955; returned and won presidency in 1973.

five-year plans (743)
Stalin’s plans to hasten industrialization of USSR; constructed massive factories in metallurgy, mining, and electric power; led to massive state-planned industrialization at cost of availability of consumer products.

Socialist realism (744)
Attempt within the USSR to relate formal culture to the masses in order to avoid the adoption of western European cultural forms; begun under Joseph Stalin; fundamental method of Soviet fiction, art, and literary criticism.

Politburo (744)
Executive committee of the Soviet Communist party; 20 members.

Etc. notes:
The word-of-the-post for this entry was sesquipedalian. I think I need to get out more, or something.

Chapter 29 vocab

Ugh, I talked so much in the previous version of this entry. Shame on me.

Chapter 29 vocab
31 words

Kellogg-Briand Pact (702)
A treaty coauthored by American and French leaders in 1928; in principle outlawed war forever; ratified subsequently by other nations.

cubist movement (703)
20^th-century art style; best represented by Spanish artist Pablo Picasso; rendered familiar objects as geometrical shapes.

Benito Mussolini (704)
Italian fascist leader after World War I; created first fascist government based on aggressive foreign policy and new nationalist glories.

fascism (704)
Political philosophy that became predominant in Italy and then Germany during the 1920s and 1930s; attacked weakness of democracy, corruption of capitalism; promised vigorous foreign and military programs; undertook state control of economy to reduce social friction.

Mexican Revolution (705)
Fought over a period of almost ten years from 1910; resulted in ouster of Porfirio Díaz from power; opposition forces led by Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata.

Porfirio Díaz (711)
One of Juárez’s generals; elected president of Mexico in 1876; dominated Mexican politics for 35 years; imposed strong central government.

Francisco Madero (711)
Moderate democratic reformer in Mexico; proposed moderate reforms in 1910; arrested by Porfirio Díaz; initiated revolution against Díaz when released from prison; temporarily gained power, but removed and assassinated in 1913.

Pancho Villa (711)
Mexican revolutionary and military commander in northern Mexico during the Mexican Revolution; succeeded along with Emiliano Zapata in removing Díaz from power; also participated in campaigns that removed Madero and Huerta.

Emiliano Zapata (711)
Mexican revolutionary and military commander of peasant guerrilla movement after 1910 centered in Morelos; succeeded along with Pancho Villa in removing Díaz from power; also participated in campaigns that removed Madero and Huerta; demanded sweeping land reform.

Victoriano Huerta (711)
Attempted to reestablish centralized dictatorship in Mexico following the removal of Madero in 1913; forced from power in 1914 by Villa and Zapata.

Alvaro Obregón (711)
Emerged as leader of the Mexican government in 1915; elected president in 1920.

Mexican Constitution of 1917 (712)
Promised land reform, limited foreign ownership of key resources, guaranteed the rights of workers, and placed restrictions on clerical education; marked formal end of Mexican Revolution.

Diego Rivera (712)
Mexican artist of the period after the Mexican Revolution; famous for murals painted on walls of public buildings; mixed romantic images of the Indian past with Christian symbols and Marxist ideology.

José Clemente Orozco (712)
Mexican muralist of the period after the Mexican Revolution; like Rivera’s, his work featured romantic images of the Indian past with Christian symbols and Marxist ideology.

Cristeros (713)
Conservative peasant movement in Mexico during the 1920s; most active in central Mexico; attempted to halt slide toward secularism; movement resulted in armed violence.

Alexander Kerensky (713)
Liberal revolutionary leader during the early stages of the Russian Revolution of 1917; sought development of parliamentary rule, religious freedom.

Red Army (715)
Military organization constructed under leadership of Leon Trotsky, Bolshevik follower of Lenin; made use of people of humble background.

New Economic Policy (715)
Initiated by Lenin in 1921; state continued to set basic economic policies, but efforts were now combined with individual initiative; policy allowed food production to recover.

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (715)
Federal system of socialist republics established in 1923 in various ethnic regions of Russia; firmly controlled by Communist party; diminished nationalists protest under Bolsheviks; dissolved 1991.

Supreme Soviet (715)
Parliament of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; elected by universal suffrage; actually controlled by Communist party; served to ratify party decisions.

Joseph Stalin (716)
Successor to Lenin as head of the USSR; strongly nationalist view of communism; represented anti-Western strain of Russian tradition; crushed opposition to his rule; established series of five-year plans to replace New Economic Policy; fostered agricultural collectivization; led USSR through World War II; furthered cold war with western Europe and the United States; died 1953.

Comintern (716)
International office of communism under USSR dominance established to encourage the formation of Communist parties in Europe and elsewhere.

collectivization (716)
Creation of large, state-run farms rather than individual holdings; allowed more efficient control over peasants, though often lowered food production; part of Stalin’s economic and political planning; often adopted in other communist regimes.

Yuan Shikai (717)
Warlord in northern China after fall of Qing dynasty; hoped to seize imperial throne; president of China after 1912; resigned in the face of Japanese invasion in 1916.

May Fourth movement (719)
Resistance to Japanese encroachments in China began on this date in 1919; spawned movement of intellectuals aimed at transforming China into a liberal democracy; rejected Confucianism.

Li Dazhao (720)
Chinese intellectual who gave serious attention to Marxist philosophy; headed study circle at the University of Beijing; saw peasants as vanguard of revolutionary communism in China.

Mao Zedong (720)
Communist leader in revolutionary China; advocated rural reform and role of peasantry in Nationalist revolution; influenced by Li Dazhao; led Communist reaction against Guomindang purges in 1920s, culminating in Long March of 1934; seized control of all of mainland China by 1949; initiated Great Leap Forward in 1958.

Guomindang (721)
Nationalist party founded by Sun Yat-sen in 1919; drew support from local warlords and Chinese criminal underworld; initially forged alliance with Communists in 1924; dominated by Chiang Kai-shek after 1925.

Whampoa Military Academy (722)
Founded in 1924; military wing of the Guomindang; first head of the academy was Chiang Kai-shek.

Chiang Kai-shek (722)
A military officer who succeeded Sun Yat-sen as the leader of the Guomindang or Nationalist party in China in the mid-1920s; became the most powerful leader in China in the early 1930s, but his Nationalist forces were defeated and driven from China by the Communists after World War II.

Long March (723)
Communist escape from Hunan province during civil war with Guomindang in 1934; center of Communist power moved to Shaanxi province; firmly established Mao Zedong as head of the Communist Party in China.

Etc. notes:
I remember back when I would write outlines/notecards to the random shuffle of iTunes, and I'd get awfully disconcerted every time SexyBack by Justin Timberlake came on. Yeah, Communists and SexyBack? No wonder we didn't get along.

Chapter 28 vocab

Hitler is a vocab word? Hahaaa. The ways one can get immortalized. I don't even know why that tickles me so much, it does.

No extra-specials word for you today. I'm not feeling verbose. I'm amazed that no one's thought of shooting me yet.

CHAPTER 28 VOCAB
38 words

Western Front (671)
Front established in World War I; generally along line from Belgium to Switzerland; featured trench warfare and horrendous casualties for all sides in the conflict.

Archduke Ferdinand (674)
Heir apparent to the Austro-Hungarian throne whose assassination in Sarajevo started World War I.

Sarajevo (674)
Administrative center of the Bosnian province of Austrian Empire; assassination here of Archduke Ferdinand in 1914 started World War I.

Nicholas II (677)
Tsar of Russia 1894-1917; forcefully suppressed political opposition and resisted constitutional government; deposed by revolution in 1917.

Gallipoli (680)
Peninsula south of Istanbul; site of decisive 1915 Turkish victory over Australian and New Zealand forces under British command during World War I.

Armenians (680) [Armenian genocide]
Assault carried out by mainly Turkish military forces against Armenian population in Anatolia in 1915; over a million Armenians perished and thousands fled to Russia and the Middle East.

Eastern Front (681)
Most mobile front of the fronts established during World War I; lacked trench warfare because of length of front extending from the Baltic to southern Russia; after early successes, military defeats led to downfall of the tsarist government in Russia.

Adolf Hitler (681)
Nazi leader of fascist Germany from 1933 to his suicide in 1945; created a strongly centralized state in Germany; eliminated all rivals; launched Germany on aggressive foreign policy leading to World War II; responsible for attempted genocide of European Jews.

Georges Clemenceau (682)
French prime minister in last years of World War I and during Versailles Conference of 1919; pushed for heavy reparations from Germans.

David Lloyd George (682)
Prime minister of Great Britain who headed a coalition government through much of World War I and the turbulent years that followed.

self-determination (682)
Right of people in a region to determine whether to be independent or not.

League of Nations (683)
International diplomatic and peace organization created in the Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I; one of the chief goals of President Woodrow Wilson of the United States in the peace negotiations; the United States was never a member.

Indian National Congress party (686)
Grew out of regional associations of Western educated Indians; originally centered in cities of Bombay, Poona, Calcutta, and Madras; became political party in 1885; focus of nationalist movement in India; governed through most of postcolonial period.

B. G. Tilak (687)
Believed that nationalism in India should be based on appeals to Hindu religiosity; worked to promote the restoration and revival of ancient Hindu traditions; offended Muslims and other religious groups; first populist leader in India.

Morley-Minto reforms (688)
Provided education Indians with considerably expanded opportunities to elect and serve on local and all-India legislative councils.

Montagu-Chelmsford reforms (688)
Increased the powers of Indian legislators at the all-India level and placed much of the provincial administration of India under local ministries controlled by legislative bodies with substantial numbers of elected Indians; passed in 1919.

Rowlatt Act (688)
Placed severe restrictions on key Indian civil rights such as freedom of the press; acted to offset the concessions granted under Montagu-Chelmsford reforms of 1919.

Mohandas Gandhi (688)
Led sustained all-India campaign for independence from British Empire after World War I; stressed nonviolent but aggressive mass protest.

satyagraha (688)
Literally, “truth-force”; strategy of nonviolent protest developed by Mohandas Gandhi and his followers in India; later deployed throughout the colonized world and in the United States.

Lord Cromer (689)
British adviser in khedival Egypt; pushed for economic reforms that reduced but failed to eliminate the debts of the khedival regime.

effendi (690)
Class of prosperous business and professional urban families in khedival Egypt; as a class generally favored Egyptian independence.

Dinshawai incident (690)
Clash between British soldiers and Egyptian villagers in 1906; arose over hunting accident along Nile River where wife of prayer leader of mosque was accidentally shot by army officers hunting pigeons; led to Egyptian protest movement.

Ataturk (691)
Also known as Mustafa Kemal; leader of Turkish republic formed in 1923; reformed Turkish nation using Western models.

Hussein (691)
Sherif of Mecca; used British promise of independence to convince Arabs to support Britain against the Turks in World War I; angered by Britain’s failure to keep promise.

mandates (691)
Governments entrusted to European nations in the Middle East in the aftermath of World War I; Britain occupied Iraq and Palestine, while France occupied Syria and Lebanon after 1922.

Zionists [Zionism] (692)
Followers of the movement originating in eastern Europe during the 1860s and 1870s that argued that the Jews must return to a Middle Eastern holy land; eventually identified with the settlement of Palestine.

Balfour Declaration (692)
British minister Lord Balfour’s promise of support for the establishment of Jewish settlement in Palestine issued in 1917.

Leon Pinsker (692)
European Zionist who believed that Jewish assimilation into Christian European nations was impossible; argued for return to Middle Eastern Holy Land.

Theodor Herzl (692)
Austrian journalist and Zionist; formed World Zionist Organization in 1897; promoted Jewish migration to Palestine and formation of a Jewish state.

Alfred Dreyfus (692)
French Jew falsely accused of passing military secrets to the Germans; his mistreatment and exile to Devil’s Island provided flashpoint for years of bitter debate between the left and right in France.

World Zionist Organization (692)
Founded by Theodor Herzl to promote Jewish migration to and settlement in Palestine to form a Zionist state.

Wafd party (693)
Egyptian nationalist party that emerged after an Egyptian delegation was refused a hearing at the Versailles treaty negotiations following World War I; led by Sa’d Zaghlul; negotiations eventually led to limited Egyptian independence beginning in 1922.

Sa’d Zaghlul (693)
Leader of Egypt’s nationalist Wafd party; their negotiations with British led to limited Egyptian independence in 1922.

Marcus Garvey (695)
African American political leader; had a major impact on emerging African nationalist leaders in the 1920s and 1930s.

W.E.B. DuBois (695)
African American political leader; had a major impact on emerging African nationalist leaders in the 1920s and 1930s.

pan-African (695)
Organization that brought together intellectuals and political leaders from areas of Africa and African diaspora before and after World War I.

négritude (696)
Literary movement in Africa; attempted to combat racial stereotypes of African culture; celebrated the beauty of black skin and African physique; associated with origins of African nationalist movements.

Léopold Sédar Senghor (696)
One of the post-World War I writers of the négritude literary movement that urged pride in African values.

Chapter 27 vocab

CHAPTER 27
22 words

Holy Alliance (642)
Alliance among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in defense of religion and the established order; formed at Congress of Vienna by most conservative monarchies of Europe.

Decembrist uprising (643)
Political revolt in Russia in 1825; led by middle-level army officers who advocated reforms; put down by Tsar Nicholas I.

Crimean War (645)
Fought between 1854 and 1856; began as Russian attempt to attack Ottoman Empire; Russia opposed by France and Britain as well; resulted in Russian defeat in the face of Western industrial technology; led to Russian reforms under Tsar Alexander II.

emancipation of the serfs (645)
Tsar Alexander II ended rigorous serfdom in Russia in 1861; serfs obtained no political rights; required to stay in villages until they could repay aristocracy for land.

zemstvoes (646)
Local political councils created as part of reforms of Tsar Alexander II (1860s); gave some Russians, particularly middle-class professionals, some experience in governments; councils had no impact on national policy.

trans-Siberian railroad (648)
Constructed in 1870s to connect European Russia with the Pacific; completed by the end of the 1880s; brought Russia into a more active Asian role.

Sergei Witte (648)
Russian minister of finance from 1892 to 1903; economic modernizer responsible for high tariffs, improved banking system; encouraged Western investors to build factories in Russia.

intelligentsia (649)
Russian term denoting articulate intellectuals as a class; 19^th-century group bent on radical change in Russian political and social system; often wished to maintain a Russian culture distinct from that of the West.

anarchists (649)
Political groups that sought the abolition of all formal government; particularly prevalent in Russia; opposed tsarist autocracy; eventually became a terrorist movement responsible for assassination of Alexander II in 1881.

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (650)
Better known as Lenin; most active Russian Marxist leader; insisted on importance of disciplined revolutionary cells; leader of Bolshevik Revolution of 1917.

Bolsheviks (650)
Literally, the majority party; the most radical branch of the Russian Marxist movement; led by V.I. Lenin and dedicated to his concept of social revolution; actually a minority in the Russian Marxist political scheme until its triumph in the 1917 revolution.

Russo-Japanese War (651)
War between Japan and Russia (1904-1905) over territory in Manchuria; Japan defeated the Russians, largely because of its naval power; Japan annexed Korea in 1910 as a result of military dominance.

duma (651)
National parliament created in Russia in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1905; progressively stripped of power during the reign of Tsar Nicholas II; failed to forestall further revolution.

Stolypin reforms (651)
Reforms introduced by the Russian interior minister Piotyr Stolypin intended to placate the peasantry in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1905; included reduction in redemption payments, attempt to create market-oriented peasantry.

kulaks (651)
Agricultural entrepreneurs who utilized the Stolypin and later NEP reforms to increase agricultural production and buy additional land.

terakoya (652)
Commoner schools founded during the Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan to teach reading, writing, and the rudiments of Confucianism; resulted in high literacy rate, approaching 40 percent, of Japanese males.

Dutch Studies (652)
Group of Japanese scholars interested in implications of Western science and technology beginning in the 18^th century; urged freer exchange with West; based studies on few Dutch texts available in Japan.

Matthew Perry (653)
American commodore who visited Edo Bay with American fleet in 1853; insisted on opening ports to American trade on threat of naval bombardment; won rights for American trade with Japan in 1854.

Diet (656)
Japanese parliament established as part of the new constitution of 1889; part of Meiji reforms; could pass laws and approve budgets; able to advise government, but not to control it.

zaibatsu (657)
Huge industrial combines created in Japan in the 1890s as part of the process of industrialization.

Sino-Japanese War (659)
War fought between Japan and Qing China between 1894 and 1895; resulted in Japanese victory; frustrated Japanese imperial aims because of Western insistence that Japan withdraw from Liaodong peninsula.

yellow peril (660)
Western term for perceived threat of Japanese imperialism around 1900s; met by increased Western imperialism in region.


Etc. notes:
Forgive the odd spacing between vocab words in this post; it was screwed up before and then I screwed it up more with my tinkering.

It's not exactly a secret, but I think sometimes Mr. Allen can't count. He becomes vexed at times. Support him as only a brother/sister in Christ can. ;)

Chapter 26 vocab

CHAPTER 26
30 words

Selim III (621)
Sultan who ruled Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1807; aimed at improving administrative efficiency and building a new army and navy; topped by Janissaries in 1807.

Mahmud II (621)
Ottoman sultan; built a private, professional army; fomented revolution of Janissaries and crushed them with private army; destroyed power of Janissaries and their religious allies; initiated reform of Ottoman Empire on Western precedents.

Tanzimat reforms (622)
Series of reforms in Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876; established Western-style university, state postal system, railways, extensive legal reforms; resulted in creation of new constitution in 1876.

Abdul Hamid (623)
Ottoman sultan who attempted to return to despotic absolutism during reign from 1878 to 1908; nullified constitution and restricted civil liberties; deposed in coup in 1908.

Ottoman Society for Union and Progress (623)
Organization of political agitators in opposition to rule of Abdul Hamid; also called “Young Turks”; desired to restore 1876 constitution.

Murad (625)
Head of the coalition of Mamluk rulers in Egypt; opposed Napoleonic invasion of Egypt and suffered devastating defeat; failure destroyed Mamluk government in Egypt and revealed vulnerability of Muslim core.

Muhammad Ali (625)
Won power struggle in Egypt following fall of Mamluks; established mastery of all Egypt by 1811; introduced effective army based on Western tactics and supply and a variety of other reforms; by 1830s was able to challenge Ottoman government in Constantinople; died in 1848.

khedives (625)
Descendants of Muhammad Ali in Egypt after 1867; formal rulers of Egypt despite French and English intervention until overthrown by military coup in 1952.

Suez Canal (626)
Built across Isthmus of Suez to connect Mediterranean Sea with Red Sea in 1869; financed by European investors; with increasing indebtedness of khedives, permitted intervention of British into Egyptian politics to protect their investment.

al-Afghani (626)
Muslim thinker at the end of the 19^th century; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology; recognized importance of tradition of rational inquiry.

Muhammad Abduh (626)
Disciple of al-Afghani; Muslim thinker at end of 19^th century; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology; recognized importance of tradition of rational inquiry.

Ahmad Orabi (626)
Student of Muhammad Abduh; led revolt in 1882 against Turkish influence in Egyptian army; forced khedive to call on British army for support.

Khartoum (628)
River town that was administrative center of Egyptian authority in Sudan.

Muhammad Achmad (628)
Head of a Sudanic Sufi brotherhood; claimed descent from prophet Muhammad; proclaimed both Egyptians and British as infidels; launched revolt to purge Islam of impurities; took Khartoum in 1883; also known as the Mahdi.

Mahdi (628)
In Sufi belief system, a promised deliverer; also name given to Muhammad Achmad, leader of the 19^th-century revolt against Egyptians and British in the Sudan.

Khalifa Abdallahi (628)
Successor of Muhammad Achmad as leader of Mahdists in Sudan; established state in Sudan; defeated by British General Kitchener in 1898.

Nurhaci (629)
Architect of Manchu unity; created distinctive Manchu banner armies; controlled most of Manchuria; adopted Chinese bureaucracy and court ceremonies in Manchuria; entered China and successfully captured Ming capital at Beijing.

banner armies (629)
Eight armies of the Manchu tribes identified by separate flags; created by Nurhaci in early 17^th century; utilized to defeat Ming emperor and establish Qing dynasty.

Qing (630)
Manchu dynasty that seized control of China in mid-17^th century after decline of Ming; forced submission of nomadic peoples far to the west and compelled tribute from Vietnam and Burma to the south.

Kangxi (630)
Confucian scholar and Manchu emperor of Qing dynasty from 1661 to 1722; established high degree of Sinification among the Manchus.

compradors (631)
Wealthy new group of Chinese merchants under the Qing dynasty; specialized in the import-export trade on China’s south coast; one of the major links between China and the outside world.

Opium War (632)
Fought between the British and Qing China beginning in 1839; fought to protect British trade in opium; resulted in resounding British victory, opening of Hong Kong as British port of trade.

Lin Zexu (633)
Distinguished Chinese official during the early 19^th century; charged with stamping out the opium trade in southern China; ordered blockade of European trading areas in Canton and confiscation of opium; sent into exile following the Opium War.

Hong Xiuquan (634)
Leader of the Taiping rebellion; converted to specifically Chinese form of Christianity; attacked traditional Confucian teachings of Chinese elite.

Taiping Rebellion (634)
Broke out in south China in 1850s and early 1960s; led by Hong Xiuquan, a semi-Christianized prophet; sought to overthrow Qing dynasty and Confucian basis of scholar-gentry.

self-strengthening movement (634)
Chinese movement started by Qing officials; aimed at countering the challenge from the West; encouraged Western investment in railways and factories; modernized armies.

Cixi (635)
Ultraconservative dowager empress who dominated the last decades of the Qing dynasty; supported Boxer Rebellion in 1898 as a means of driving out Westerners.

Boxer Rebellion (635)
Popular outburst in 1898 aimed at expelling foreigners from China; failed because of intervention of armies of Western powers in China; defeat of Chinese enhanced control by Europeans and the power of provincial officials.

Sun Yat-sen (636)
Head of Revolutionary Alliance, organization that led 1911 revolt against Qing dynasty in China; briefly elected president in 1911, but yielded in favor of Yuan Shikai in 1912; created Nationalist party of China (Guomindang) in 1919; died in 1925.

Puyi (637)
Last emperor of China; deposed as emperor while still a small boy in 1912.


Etc. notes:
"Self-strengthening movement" was provided by the amazing Michael Bowerman. I'd advise you to befriend him. He's probably going to be the one who will solve the world's energy crisis in ten years, or something. Or get us to Jupiter. WHATEVER COMES FIRST.

No epic word-of-the-post, just because I'm a lazy louse. :(