Chapter 30 vocab

ENJOY YOUR CARPAL TUNNEL. 8)

CHAPTER 30 VOCAB
19 words

Great Depression (727)
International economic crisis following the First World War; began with collapse of American stock market in 1929; actual causes included collapse of agricultural prices in 1920s; included collapse of banking houses in the United States and western Europe, massive unemployment; contradicted optimistic assumptions of 19^th century.

socialism in one country (730)
Joseph Stalin’s concept of Russian communism based solely on the Soviet Union rather than the Leninist concept of international revolution; by cutting off the Soviet Union from other economies, the USSR avoided worst consequences of the Great Depression.

Popular Front (731)
Combination of socialist and communist political parties in France; won election in 1936; unable to take strong measures of social reform because of continuing strength of conservatives; fell from power in 1938.

New Deal (732)
President Franklin Roosevelt’s precursor of the modern welfare state (1933-1939); programs to combat economic depression enacted a number of social insurance measures and used government spending to stimulate the economy; increased power of the state and the state’s intervention in United States social and economic life.

totalitarian state (732)
A new kind of government in the 20^th century that exercised massive, direct control over virtually all the activities of its subjects; existed in Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union.

Gestapo (734)
Secret police in Nazi Germany, known for brutal tactics.

Anschluss (735)
Hitler’s union of Germany with the German-speaking population of Austria; took place in 1938, despite complaints of other European nations.

appeasement (735)
Policy of Neville Chamberlain, British prime minister who hoped to preserve peace in the face of German aggression; particularly applied to Munich Conference agreements; failed when Hitler invaded Poland in 1939.

Spanish Civil War (736)
War pitting authoritarian and military leaders in Spain against republicans and leftists between 1936 and 1939; Germany and Italy supported the royalists; the Soviet Union supported the republicans; led to victory of the royalist forces.

import substitution industrialization (736)
Typical of Latin American economies; domestic production of goods during the 20^th century that had previously been imported; led to light industrialization.

syndicalism (737)
Economic and political system based on the organization of labor; imported in Latin America from European political movements; militant force in Latin American politics.

Tragic Week (737)
Occurred in Argentina in 1919; government response to general strike of labor forces led to brutal repression under guise of nationalism.

corporatism (738)
Political ideology that emphasized the organic nature of society and made the state a mediator, adjusting the interests of different social groups; appealed to conservative groups in European and Latin American societies and to the military.

Lázaro Cárdenas (738)
President of Mexico from 1934 to 1940; responsible for redistribution of land, primarily to create ejidos, or communal farms; also began program of primary and rural education.

Getúlio Vargas (738)
Elected president of Brazil in 1929; launched centralized political program by imposing federal administrators over state governments; held off coups by communists in 1935 and fascists in 1937; imposed a new constitution based on Mussolini’s Italy; leaned to communists after 1949; committed suicide in 1954.

Juan D. Perón (739)
Military leader in Argentina who became dominant political figure after military coup in 1943; used position as Minister of Labor to appeal to working groups and the poor; became president in 1946; forced into exile in 1955; returned and won presidency in 1973.

five-year plans (743)
Stalin’s plans to hasten industrialization of USSR; constructed massive factories in metallurgy, mining, and electric power; led to massive state-planned industrialization at cost of availability of consumer products.

Socialist realism (744)
Attempt within the USSR to relate formal culture to the masses in order to avoid the adoption of western European cultural forms; begun under Joseph Stalin; fundamental method of Soviet fiction, art, and literary criticism.

Politburo (744)
Executive committee of the Soviet Communist party; 20 members.

Etc. notes:
The word-of-the-post for this entry was sesquipedalian. I think I need to get out more, or something.

Chapter 29 vocab

Ugh, I talked so much in the previous version of this entry. Shame on me.

Chapter 29 vocab
31 words

Kellogg-Briand Pact (702)
A treaty coauthored by American and French leaders in 1928; in principle outlawed war forever; ratified subsequently by other nations.

cubist movement (703)
20^th-century art style; best represented by Spanish artist Pablo Picasso; rendered familiar objects as geometrical shapes.

Benito Mussolini (704)
Italian fascist leader after World War I; created first fascist government based on aggressive foreign policy and new nationalist glories.

fascism (704)
Political philosophy that became predominant in Italy and then Germany during the 1920s and 1930s; attacked weakness of democracy, corruption of capitalism; promised vigorous foreign and military programs; undertook state control of economy to reduce social friction.

Mexican Revolution (705)
Fought over a period of almost ten years from 1910; resulted in ouster of Porfirio Díaz from power; opposition forces led by Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata.

Porfirio Díaz (711)
One of Juárez’s generals; elected president of Mexico in 1876; dominated Mexican politics for 35 years; imposed strong central government.

Francisco Madero (711)
Moderate democratic reformer in Mexico; proposed moderate reforms in 1910; arrested by Porfirio Díaz; initiated revolution against Díaz when released from prison; temporarily gained power, but removed and assassinated in 1913.

Pancho Villa (711)
Mexican revolutionary and military commander in northern Mexico during the Mexican Revolution; succeeded along with Emiliano Zapata in removing Díaz from power; also participated in campaigns that removed Madero and Huerta.

Emiliano Zapata (711)
Mexican revolutionary and military commander of peasant guerrilla movement after 1910 centered in Morelos; succeeded along with Pancho Villa in removing Díaz from power; also participated in campaigns that removed Madero and Huerta; demanded sweeping land reform.

Victoriano Huerta (711)
Attempted to reestablish centralized dictatorship in Mexico following the removal of Madero in 1913; forced from power in 1914 by Villa and Zapata.

Alvaro Obregón (711)
Emerged as leader of the Mexican government in 1915; elected president in 1920.

Mexican Constitution of 1917 (712)
Promised land reform, limited foreign ownership of key resources, guaranteed the rights of workers, and placed restrictions on clerical education; marked formal end of Mexican Revolution.

Diego Rivera (712)
Mexican artist of the period after the Mexican Revolution; famous for murals painted on walls of public buildings; mixed romantic images of the Indian past with Christian symbols and Marxist ideology.

José Clemente Orozco (712)
Mexican muralist of the period after the Mexican Revolution; like Rivera’s, his work featured romantic images of the Indian past with Christian symbols and Marxist ideology.

Cristeros (713)
Conservative peasant movement in Mexico during the 1920s; most active in central Mexico; attempted to halt slide toward secularism; movement resulted in armed violence.

Alexander Kerensky (713)
Liberal revolutionary leader during the early stages of the Russian Revolution of 1917; sought development of parliamentary rule, religious freedom.

Red Army (715)
Military organization constructed under leadership of Leon Trotsky, Bolshevik follower of Lenin; made use of people of humble background.

New Economic Policy (715)
Initiated by Lenin in 1921; state continued to set basic economic policies, but efforts were now combined with individual initiative; policy allowed food production to recover.

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (715)
Federal system of socialist republics established in 1923 in various ethnic regions of Russia; firmly controlled by Communist party; diminished nationalists protest under Bolsheviks; dissolved 1991.

Supreme Soviet (715)
Parliament of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; elected by universal suffrage; actually controlled by Communist party; served to ratify party decisions.

Joseph Stalin (716)
Successor to Lenin as head of the USSR; strongly nationalist view of communism; represented anti-Western strain of Russian tradition; crushed opposition to his rule; established series of five-year plans to replace New Economic Policy; fostered agricultural collectivization; led USSR through World War II; furthered cold war with western Europe and the United States; died 1953.

Comintern (716)
International office of communism under USSR dominance established to encourage the formation of Communist parties in Europe and elsewhere.

collectivization (716)
Creation of large, state-run farms rather than individual holdings; allowed more efficient control over peasants, though often lowered food production; part of Stalin’s economic and political planning; often adopted in other communist regimes.

Yuan Shikai (717)
Warlord in northern China after fall of Qing dynasty; hoped to seize imperial throne; president of China after 1912; resigned in the face of Japanese invasion in 1916.

May Fourth movement (719)
Resistance to Japanese encroachments in China began on this date in 1919; spawned movement of intellectuals aimed at transforming China into a liberal democracy; rejected Confucianism.

Li Dazhao (720)
Chinese intellectual who gave serious attention to Marxist philosophy; headed study circle at the University of Beijing; saw peasants as vanguard of revolutionary communism in China.

Mao Zedong (720)
Communist leader in revolutionary China; advocated rural reform and role of peasantry in Nationalist revolution; influenced by Li Dazhao; led Communist reaction against Guomindang purges in 1920s, culminating in Long March of 1934; seized control of all of mainland China by 1949; initiated Great Leap Forward in 1958.

Guomindang (721)
Nationalist party founded by Sun Yat-sen in 1919; drew support from local warlords and Chinese criminal underworld; initially forged alliance with Communists in 1924; dominated by Chiang Kai-shek after 1925.

Whampoa Military Academy (722)
Founded in 1924; military wing of the Guomindang; first head of the academy was Chiang Kai-shek.

Chiang Kai-shek (722)
A military officer who succeeded Sun Yat-sen as the leader of the Guomindang or Nationalist party in China in the mid-1920s; became the most powerful leader in China in the early 1930s, but his Nationalist forces were defeated and driven from China by the Communists after World War II.

Long March (723)
Communist escape from Hunan province during civil war with Guomindang in 1934; center of Communist power moved to Shaanxi province; firmly established Mao Zedong as head of the Communist Party in China.

Etc. notes:
I remember back when I would write outlines/notecards to the random shuffle of iTunes, and I'd get awfully disconcerted every time SexyBack by Justin Timberlake came on. Yeah, Communists and SexyBack? No wonder we didn't get along.

Chapter 28 vocab

Hitler is a vocab word? Hahaaa. The ways one can get immortalized. I don't even know why that tickles me so much, it does.

No extra-specials word for you today. I'm not feeling verbose. I'm amazed that no one's thought of shooting me yet.

CHAPTER 28 VOCAB
38 words

Western Front (671)
Front established in World War I; generally along line from Belgium to Switzerland; featured trench warfare and horrendous casualties for all sides in the conflict.

Archduke Ferdinand (674)
Heir apparent to the Austro-Hungarian throne whose assassination in Sarajevo started World War I.

Sarajevo (674)
Administrative center of the Bosnian province of Austrian Empire; assassination here of Archduke Ferdinand in 1914 started World War I.

Nicholas II (677)
Tsar of Russia 1894-1917; forcefully suppressed political opposition and resisted constitutional government; deposed by revolution in 1917.

Gallipoli (680)
Peninsula south of Istanbul; site of decisive 1915 Turkish victory over Australian and New Zealand forces under British command during World War I.

Armenians (680) [Armenian genocide]
Assault carried out by mainly Turkish military forces against Armenian population in Anatolia in 1915; over a million Armenians perished and thousands fled to Russia and the Middle East.

Eastern Front (681)
Most mobile front of the fronts established during World War I; lacked trench warfare because of length of front extending from the Baltic to southern Russia; after early successes, military defeats led to downfall of the tsarist government in Russia.

Adolf Hitler (681)
Nazi leader of fascist Germany from 1933 to his suicide in 1945; created a strongly centralized state in Germany; eliminated all rivals; launched Germany on aggressive foreign policy leading to World War II; responsible for attempted genocide of European Jews.

Georges Clemenceau (682)
French prime minister in last years of World War I and during Versailles Conference of 1919; pushed for heavy reparations from Germans.

David Lloyd George (682)
Prime minister of Great Britain who headed a coalition government through much of World War I and the turbulent years that followed.

self-determination (682)
Right of people in a region to determine whether to be independent or not.

League of Nations (683)
International diplomatic and peace organization created in the Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I; one of the chief goals of President Woodrow Wilson of the United States in the peace negotiations; the United States was never a member.

Indian National Congress party (686)
Grew out of regional associations of Western educated Indians; originally centered in cities of Bombay, Poona, Calcutta, and Madras; became political party in 1885; focus of nationalist movement in India; governed through most of postcolonial period.

B. G. Tilak (687)
Believed that nationalism in India should be based on appeals to Hindu religiosity; worked to promote the restoration and revival of ancient Hindu traditions; offended Muslims and other religious groups; first populist leader in India.

Morley-Minto reforms (688)
Provided education Indians with considerably expanded opportunities to elect and serve on local and all-India legislative councils.

Montagu-Chelmsford reforms (688)
Increased the powers of Indian legislators at the all-India level and placed much of the provincial administration of India under local ministries controlled by legislative bodies with substantial numbers of elected Indians; passed in 1919.

Rowlatt Act (688)
Placed severe restrictions on key Indian civil rights such as freedom of the press; acted to offset the concessions granted under Montagu-Chelmsford reforms of 1919.

Mohandas Gandhi (688)
Led sustained all-India campaign for independence from British Empire after World War I; stressed nonviolent but aggressive mass protest.

satyagraha (688)
Literally, “truth-force”; strategy of nonviolent protest developed by Mohandas Gandhi and his followers in India; later deployed throughout the colonized world and in the United States.

Lord Cromer (689)
British adviser in khedival Egypt; pushed for economic reforms that reduced but failed to eliminate the debts of the khedival regime.

effendi (690)
Class of prosperous business and professional urban families in khedival Egypt; as a class generally favored Egyptian independence.

Dinshawai incident (690)
Clash between British soldiers and Egyptian villagers in 1906; arose over hunting accident along Nile River where wife of prayer leader of mosque was accidentally shot by army officers hunting pigeons; led to Egyptian protest movement.

Ataturk (691)
Also known as Mustafa Kemal; leader of Turkish republic formed in 1923; reformed Turkish nation using Western models.

Hussein (691)
Sherif of Mecca; used British promise of independence to convince Arabs to support Britain against the Turks in World War I; angered by Britain’s failure to keep promise.

mandates (691)
Governments entrusted to European nations in the Middle East in the aftermath of World War I; Britain occupied Iraq and Palestine, while France occupied Syria and Lebanon after 1922.

Zionists [Zionism] (692)
Followers of the movement originating in eastern Europe during the 1860s and 1870s that argued that the Jews must return to a Middle Eastern holy land; eventually identified with the settlement of Palestine.

Balfour Declaration (692)
British minister Lord Balfour’s promise of support for the establishment of Jewish settlement in Palestine issued in 1917.

Leon Pinsker (692)
European Zionist who believed that Jewish assimilation into Christian European nations was impossible; argued for return to Middle Eastern Holy Land.

Theodor Herzl (692)
Austrian journalist and Zionist; formed World Zionist Organization in 1897; promoted Jewish migration to Palestine and formation of a Jewish state.

Alfred Dreyfus (692)
French Jew falsely accused of passing military secrets to the Germans; his mistreatment and exile to Devil’s Island provided flashpoint for years of bitter debate between the left and right in France.

World Zionist Organization (692)
Founded by Theodor Herzl to promote Jewish migration to and settlement in Palestine to form a Zionist state.

Wafd party (693)
Egyptian nationalist party that emerged after an Egyptian delegation was refused a hearing at the Versailles treaty negotiations following World War I; led by Sa’d Zaghlul; negotiations eventually led to limited Egyptian independence beginning in 1922.

Sa’d Zaghlul (693)
Leader of Egypt’s nationalist Wafd party; their negotiations with British led to limited Egyptian independence in 1922.

Marcus Garvey (695)
African American political leader; had a major impact on emerging African nationalist leaders in the 1920s and 1930s.

W.E.B. DuBois (695)
African American political leader; had a major impact on emerging African nationalist leaders in the 1920s and 1930s.

pan-African (695)
Organization that brought together intellectuals and political leaders from areas of Africa and African diaspora before and after World War I.

négritude (696)
Literary movement in Africa; attempted to combat racial stereotypes of African culture; celebrated the beauty of black skin and African physique; associated with origins of African nationalist movements.

Léopold Sédar Senghor (696)
One of the post-World War I writers of the négritude literary movement that urged pride in African values.

Chapter 27 vocab

CHAPTER 27
22 words

Holy Alliance (642)
Alliance among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in defense of religion and the established order; formed at Congress of Vienna by most conservative monarchies of Europe.

Decembrist uprising (643)
Political revolt in Russia in 1825; led by middle-level army officers who advocated reforms; put down by Tsar Nicholas I.

Crimean War (645)
Fought between 1854 and 1856; began as Russian attempt to attack Ottoman Empire; Russia opposed by France and Britain as well; resulted in Russian defeat in the face of Western industrial technology; led to Russian reforms under Tsar Alexander II.

emancipation of the serfs (645)
Tsar Alexander II ended rigorous serfdom in Russia in 1861; serfs obtained no political rights; required to stay in villages until they could repay aristocracy for land.

zemstvoes (646)
Local political councils created as part of reforms of Tsar Alexander II (1860s); gave some Russians, particularly middle-class professionals, some experience in governments; councils had no impact on national policy.

trans-Siberian railroad (648)
Constructed in 1870s to connect European Russia with the Pacific; completed by the end of the 1880s; brought Russia into a more active Asian role.

Sergei Witte (648)
Russian minister of finance from 1892 to 1903; economic modernizer responsible for high tariffs, improved banking system; encouraged Western investors to build factories in Russia.

intelligentsia (649)
Russian term denoting articulate intellectuals as a class; 19^th-century group bent on radical change in Russian political and social system; often wished to maintain a Russian culture distinct from that of the West.

anarchists (649)
Political groups that sought the abolition of all formal government; particularly prevalent in Russia; opposed tsarist autocracy; eventually became a terrorist movement responsible for assassination of Alexander II in 1881.

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (650)
Better known as Lenin; most active Russian Marxist leader; insisted on importance of disciplined revolutionary cells; leader of Bolshevik Revolution of 1917.

Bolsheviks (650)
Literally, the majority party; the most radical branch of the Russian Marxist movement; led by V.I. Lenin and dedicated to his concept of social revolution; actually a minority in the Russian Marxist political scheme until its triumph in the 1917 revolution.

Russo-Japanese War (651)
War between Japan and Russia (1904-1905) over territory in Manchuria; Japan defeated the Russians, largely because of its naval power; Japan annexed Korea in 1910 as a result of military dominance.

duma (651)
National parliament created in Russia in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1905; progressively stripped of power during the reign of Tsar Nicholas II; failed to forestall further revolution.

Stolypin reforms (651)
Reforms introduced by the Russian interior minister Piotyr Stolypin intended to placate the peasantry in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1905; included reduction in redemption payments, attempt to create market-oriented peasantry.

kulaks (651)
Agricultural entrepreneurs who utilized the Stolypin and later NEP reforms to increase agricultural production and buy additional land.

terakoya (652)
Commoner schools founded during the Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan to teach reading, writing, and the rudiments of Confucianism; resulted in high literacy rate, approaching 40 percent, of Japanese males.

Dutch Studies (652)
Group of Japanese scholars interested in implications of Western science and technology beginning in the 18^th century; urged freer exchange with West; based studies on few Dutch texts available in Japan.

Matthew Perry (653)
American commodore who visited Edo Bay with American fleet in 1853; insisted on opening ports to American trade on threat of naval bombardment; won rights for American trade with Japan in 1854.

Diet (656)
Japanese parliament established as part of the new constitution of 1889; part of Meiji reforms; could pass laws and approve budgets; able to advise government, but not to control it.

zaibatsu (657)
Huge industrial combines created in Japan in the 1890s as part of the process of industrialization.

Sino-Japanese War (659)
War fought between Japan and Qing China between 1894 and 1895; resulted in Japanese victory; frustrated Japanese imperial aims because of Western insistence that Japan withdraw from Liaodong peninsula.

yellow peril (660)
Western term for perceived threat of Japanese imperialism around 1900s; met by increased Western imperialism in region.


Etc. notes:
Forgive the odd spacing between vocab words in this post; it was screwed up before and then I screwed it up more with my tinkering.

It's not exactly a secret, but I think sometimes Mr. Allen can't count. He becomes vexed at times. Support him as only a brother/sister in Christ can. ;)