Chapter 29 vocab

Ugh, I talked so much in the previous version of this entry. Shame on me.

Chapter 29 vocab
31 words

Kellogg-Briand Pact (702)
A treaty coauthored by American and French leaders in 1928; in principle outlawed war forever; ratified subsequently by other nations.

cubist movement (703)
20^th-century art style; best represented by Spanish artist Pablo Picasso; rendered familiar objects as geometrical shapes.

Benito Mussolini (704)
Italian fascist leader after World War I; created first fascist government based on aggressive foreign policy and new nationalist glories.

fascism (704)
Political philosophy that became predominant in Italy and then Germany during the 1920s and 1930s; attacked weakness of democracy, corruption of capitalism; promised vigorous foreign and military programs; undertook state control of economy to reduce social friction.

Mexican Revolution (705)
Fought over a period of almost ten years from 1910; resulted in ouster of Porfirio Díaz from power; opposition forces led by Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata.

Porfirio Díaz (711)
One of Juárez’s generals; elected president of Mexico in 1876; dominated Mexican politics for 35 years; imposed strong central government.

Francisco Madero (711)
Moderate democratic reformer in Mexico; proposed moderate reforms in 1910; arrested by Porfirio Díaz; initiated revolution against Díaz when released from prison; temporarily gained power, but removed and assassinated in 1913.

Pancho Villa (711)
Mexican revolutionary and military commander in northern Mexico during the Mexican Revolution; succeeded along with Emiliano Zapata in removing Díaz from power; also participated in campaigns that removed Madero and Huerta.

Emiliano Zapata (711)
Mexican revolutionary and military commander of peasant guerrilla movement after 1910 centered in Morelos; succeeded along with Pancho Villa in removing Díaz from power; also participated in campaigns that removed Madero and Huerta; demanded sweeping land reform.

Victoriano Huerta (711)
Attempted to reestablish centralized dictatorship in Mexico following the removal of Madero in 1913; forced from power in 1914 by Villa and Zapata.

Alvaro Obregón (711)
Emerged as leader of the Mexican government in 1915; elected president in 1920.

Mexican Constitution of 1917 (712)
Promised land reform, limited foreign ownership of key resources, guaranteed the rights of workers, and placed restrictions on clerical education; marked formal end of Mexican Revolution.

Diego Rivera (712)
Mexican artist of the period after the Mexican Revolution; famous for murals painted on walls of public buildings; mixed romantic images of the Indian past with Christian symbols and Marxist ideology.

José Clemente Orozco (712)
Mexican muralist of the period after the Mexican Revolution; like Rivera’s, his work featured romantic images of the Indian past with Christian symbols and Marxist ideology.

Cristeros (713)
Conservative peasant movement in Mexico during the 1920s; most active in central Mexico; attempted to halt slide toward secularism; movement resulted in armed violence.

Alexander Kerensky (713)
Liberal revolutionary leader during the early stages of the Russian Revolution of 1917; sought development of parliamentary rule, religious freedom.

Red Army (715)
Military organization constructed under leadership of Leon Trotsky, Bolshevik follower of Lenin; made use of people of humble background.

New Economic Policy (715)
Initiated by Lenin in 1921; state continued to set basic economic policies, but efforts were now combined with individual initiative; policy allowed food production to recover.

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (715)
Federal system of socialist republics established in 1923 in various ethnic regions of Russia; firmly controlled by Communist party; diminished nationalists protest under Bolsheviks; dissolved 1991.

Supreme Soviet (715)
Parliament of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; elected by universal suffrage; actually controlled by Communist party; served to ratify party decisions.

Joseph Stalin (716)
Successor to Lenin as head of the USSR; strongly nationalist view of communism; represented anti-Western strain of Russian tradition; crushed opposition to his rule; established series of five-year plans to replace New Economic Policy; fostered agricultural collectivization; led USSR through World War II; furthered cold war with western Europe and the United States; died 1953.

Comintern (716)
International office of communism under USSR dominance established to encourage the formation of Communist parties in Europe and elsewhere.

collectivization (716)
Creation of large, state-run farms rather than individual holdings; allowed more efficient control over peasants, though often lowered food production; part of Stalin’s economic and political planning; often adopted in other communist regimes.

Yuan Shikai (717)
Warlord in northern China after fall of Qing dynasty; hoped to seize imperial throne; president of China after 1912; resigned in the face of Japanese invasion in 1916.

May Fourth movement (719)
Resistance to Japanese encroachments in China began on this date in 1919; spawned movement of intellectuals aimed at transforming China into a liberal democracy; rejected Confucianism.

Li Dazhao (720)
Chinese intellectual who gave serious attention to Marxist philosophy; headed study circle at the University of Beijing; saw peasants as vanguard of revolutionary communism in China.

Mao Zedong (720)
Communist leader in revolutionary China; advocated rural reform and role of peasantry in Nationalist revolution; influenced by Li Dazhao; led Communist reaction against Guomindang purges in 1920s, culminating in Long March of 1934; seized control of all of mainland China by 1949; initiated Great Leap Forward in 1958.

Guomindang (721)
Nationalist party founded by Sun Yat-sen in 1919; drew support from local warlords and Chinese criminal underworld; initially forged alliance with Communists in 1924; dominated by Chiang Kai-shek after 1925.

Whampoa Military Academy (722)
Founded in 1924; military wing of the Guomindang; first head of the academy was Chiang Kai-shek.

Chiang Kai-shek (722)
A military officer who succeeded Sun Yat-sen as the leader of the Guomindang or Nationalist party in China in the mid-1920s; became the most powerful leader in China in the early 1930s, but his Nationalist forces were defeated and driven from China by the Communists after World War II.

Long March (723)
Communist escape from Hunan province during civil war with Guomindang in 1934; center of Communist power moved to Shaanxi province; firmly established Mao Zedong as head of the Communist Party in China.

Etc. notes:
I remember back when I would write outlines/notecards to the random shuffle of iTunes, and I'd get awfully disconcerted every time SexyBack by Justin Timberlake came on. Yeah, Communists and SexyBack? No wonder we didn't get along.