Chapter 26 vocab

CHAPTER 26
30 words

Selim III (621)
Sultan who ruled Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1807; aimed at improving administrative efficiency and building a new army and navy; topped by Janissaries in 1807.

Mahmud II (621)
Ottoman sultan; built a private, professional army; fomented revolution of Janissaries and crushed them with private army; destroyed power of Janissaries and their religious allies; initiated reform of Ottoman Empire on Western precedents.

Tanzimat reforms (622)
Series of reforms in Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876; established Western-style university, state postal system, railways, extensive legal reforms; resulted in creation of new constitution in 1876.

Abdul Hamid (623)
Ottoman sultan who attempted to return to despotic absolutism during reign from 1878 to 1908; nullified constitution and restricted civil liberties; deposed in coup in 1908.

Ottoman Society for Union and Progress (623)
Organization of political agitators in opposition to rule of Abdul Hamid; also called “Young Turks”; desired to restore 1876 constitution.

Murad (625)
Head of the coalition of Mamluk rulers in Egypt; opposed Napoleonic invasion of Egypt and suffered devastating defeat; failure destroyed Mamluk government in Egypt and revealed vulnerability of Muslim core.

Muhammad Ali (625)
Won power struggle in Egypt following fall of Mamluks; established mastery of all Egypt by 1811; introduced effective army based on Western tactics and supply and a variety of other reforms; by 1830s was able to challenge Ottoman government in Constantinople; died in 1848.

khedives (625)
Descendants of Muhammad Ali in Egypt after 1867; formal rulers of Egypt despite French and English intervention until overthrown by military coup in 1952.

Suez Canal (626)
Built across Isthmus of Suez to connect Mediterranean Sea with Red Sea in 1869; financed by European investors; with increasing indebtedness of khedives, permitted intervention of British into Egyptian politics to protect their investment.

al-Afghani (626)
Muslim thinker at the end of the 19^th century; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology; recognized importance of tradition of rational inquiry.

Muhammad Abduh (626)
Disciple of al-Afghani; Muslim thinker at end of 19^th century; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology; recognized importance of tradition of rational inquiry.

Ahmad Orabi (626)
Student of Muhammad Abduh; led revolt in 1882 against Turkish influence in Egyptian army; forced khedive to call on British army for support.

Khartoum (628)
River town that was administrative center of Egyptian authority in Sudan.

Muhammad Achmad (628)
Head of a Sudanic Sufi brotherhood; claimed descent from prophet Muhammad; proclaimed both Egyptians and British as infidels; launched revolt to purge Islam of impurities; took Khartoum in 1883; also known as the Mahdi.

Mahdi (628)
In Sufi belief system, a promised deliverer; also name given to Muhammad Achmad, leader of the 19^th-century revolt against Egyptians and British in the Sudan.

Khalifa Abdallahi (628)
Successor of Muhammad Achmad as leader of Mahdists in Sudan; established state in Sudan; defeated by British General Kitchener in 1898.

Nurhaci (629)
Architect of Manchu unity; created distinctive Manchu banner armies; controlled most of Manchuria; adopted Chinese bureaucracy and court ceremonies in Manchuria; entered China and successfully captured Ming capital at Beijing.

banner armies (629)
Eight armies of the Manchu tribes identified by separate flags; created by Nurhaci in early 17^th century; utilized to defeat Ming emperor and establish Qing dynasty.

Qing (630)
Manchu dynasty that seized control of China in mid-17^th century after decline of Ming; forced submission of nomadic peoples far to the west and compelled tribute from Vietnam and Burma to the south.

Kangxi (630)
Confucian scholar and Manchu emperor of Qing dynasty from 1661 to 1722; established high degree of Sinification among the Manchus.

compradors (631)
Wealthy new group of Chinese merchants under the Qing dynasty; specialized in the import-export trade on China’s south coast; one of the major links between China and the outside world.

Opium War (632)
Fought between the British and Qing China beginning in 1839; fought to protect British trade in opium; resulted in resounding British victory, opening of Hong Kong as British port of trade.

Lin Zexu (633)
Distinguished Chinese official during the early 19^th century; charged with stamping out the opium trade in southern China; ordered blockade of European trading areas in Canton and confiscation of opium; sent into exile following the Opium War.

Hong Xiuquan (634)
Leader of the Taiping rebellion; converted to specifically Chinese form of Christianity; attacked traditional Confucian teachings of Chinese elite.

Taiping Rebellion (634)
Broke out in south China in 1850s and early 1960s; led by Hong Xiuquan, a semi-Christianized prophet; sought to overthrow Qing dynasty and Confucian basis of scholar-gentry.

self-strengthening movement (634)
Chinese movement started by Qing officials; aimed at countering the challenge from the West; encouraged Western investment in railways and factories; modernized armies.

Cixi (635)
Ultraconservative dowager empress who dominated the last decades of the Qing dynasty; supported Boxer Rebellion in 1898 as a means of driving out Westerners.

Boxer Rebellion (635)
Popular outburst in 1898 aimed at expelling foreigners from China; failed because of intervention of armies of Western powers in China; defeat of Chinese enhanced control by Europeans and the power of provincial officials.

Sun Yat-sen (636)
Head of Revolutionary Alliance, organization that led 1911 revolt against Qing dynasty in China; briefly elected president in 1911, but yielded in favor of Yuan Shikai in 1912; created Nationalist party of China (Guomindang) in 1919; died in 1925.

Puyi (637)
Last emperor of China; deposed as emperor while still a small boy in 1912.


Etc. notes:
"Self-strengthening movement" was provided by the amazing Michael Bowerman. I'd advise you to befriend him. He's probably going to be the one who will solve the world's energy crisis in ten years, or something. Or get us to Jupiter. WHATEVER COMES FIRST.

No epic word-of-the-post, just because I'm a lazy louse. :(

Chapter 25 vocab

So your link of the day is Cute Overload. If you don't smile at least once while on that website... You are a cold, mean, and cruel-hearted person. :( You make me sad.

CHAPTER 25
30 words

Toussaint L’Overture (591)
Leader of slave rebellion on the French sugar island of St. Domingue in 1791; led to creation of independent republic of Haiti in 1804.

Father Miguel de Hidalgo (591)
Mexican priest who established independence movement among American Indians and mestizos in 1810; despite early victories, was captured and executed.

Augustín de Iturbide (591)
Conservative Creole officer in Mexican army who signed agreement with insurgent forces of independence; combined forces entered Mexico City in 1821; later proclaimed emperor of Mexico until its collapse in 1824.

Simon Bolívar (592)
Creole military officer in northern South America; won series of victories in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador between 1817 and 1822; military success led to creation of independent state of Gran Colombia.

Gran Colombia (592)
Independent state created in South America as a result of military success of Simon Bolívar; existed only until 1830, at which time Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate nations.

José de San Martín (592)
Leader of independence movement in Rio de la Plata; led to independence of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata by 1816; later led to independence movement in Chile and Peru as well.

João VI (593)
Portuguese monarch who established seat of government in Brazil from 1808 to 1820 as a result of Napoleonic invasion of Iberian peninsula; made Brazil seat of empire with capital at Rio de Janeiro.

Pedro I (593)
Son and successor of João VI in Brazil; aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence from Portugal in 1822; became constitutional emperor of Brazil.

Andrés Santa Cruz (595)
Mestizo general who established union of independent Peru and Bolivia between 1829 and 1839.

caudillos (595)
Independent leaders who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized national governments to impose their concept of rule; typical throughout newly independent countries of Latin America.

centralists (595)
Latin American politicians who wished to create strong, centralized national governments with broad powers; often supported by politicians who described themselves as conservatives.

federalists (595)
Latin American politicians who wanted policies, especially fiscal and commercial regulation, to be set by regional governments rather than centralized national administrations; often supported by politicians who described themselves as liberals.

Juan Manuel de Rosas (598)
Strongman leader in Buenos Aires; took power in 1831; commanded loyalty of gauchos; restored local autonomy.

General Antonio López de Santa Anna (598)
Seized power in Mexico after collapse of empire of Mexico in 1824; after brief reign of liberals, seized power in 1835 as caudillo; defeated by Texans in war for independence in 1836; defeated by United States in Mexican-American War in 1848; unseated by liberal rebellion in 1854.

Monroe Doctrine (598)
American declaration stated in 1823; established that any attempt of a European country to colonize in the Americas would be considered an unfriendly act by the United States; supported by Great Britain as a means of opening Latin American trade.

guano (599)
Bird droppings utilized as fertilizer; exported from Peru as a major item of trade between 1850 and 1880; income from trade permitted end to American Indian tribute and abolition of slavery.

positivism (600)
French philosophy based on observation and scientific approach to problems of society; adopted by many Latin American liberals in the aftermath of independence.

Auguste Comte (600)
French philosopher (19^th century); founder of positivism, a philosophy that stressed observation and scientific approaches to the problems of society.

manifest destiny (601)
Belief of the government of the United States that it was destined to rule the continent from coast to coast; led to annexation of Texas and Mexican-American War.

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (601)
Agreement that ended the Mexican-American War; provided for loss of Texas and California to the United States; left legacy of distrust of the United States in Latin America.

Mexican-American War (601)
Fought between Mexico and the United States from 1846 to 1848; led to devastating defeat of Mexican forces, loss of about one-half of Mexico’s national territory to the United States.

Benito Juárez (601)
Indian governor of state of Oaxaca in Mexico; leader of liberal rebellion against Santa Anna; liberal government defeated by French intervention under Emperor Napoleon III of France and establishment of Mexican Empire under Maximilian; restored to power in 1867 until his death in 1872.

La Reforma (602)
The liberal rebellion of Benito Juárez against the forces of Santa Anna.

Maximilian von Habsburg (602)
Proclaimed Emperor Maximilian of Mexico following intervention of France in 1862; ruled until overthrow and execution by liberal revolutionaries under Benito Juárez in 1867.

Argentine Republic (603)
Replaced state of Buenos Aires in 1862; resulted of compromise between centralists and federalists.

Domingo F. Sarmiento (604)
Liberal politician and president of Argentine Republic; author of Facundo, a critique of caudillo politics; increased international trade, launched internal reforms in education and transportation.

fazendas (605)
Coffee estates that spread within interior of Brazil between 1840 and 1860; created major export commodity for Brazilian trade; led to intensification of slavery in Brazil.

cientificos (612)
Advisors of government of Porfirio Díaz who were strongly influenced by positivist ideas; permitted government to project image of modernization.

Spanish-American War (613)
War fought between Spain and the United States beginning in 1898; centered on Cuba and Puerto Rico; permitted American intervention in Caribbean, annexation of Puerto Rico and the Philippines.

Panama Canal (613)
An aspect of American intervention in Latin America; resulted from United States support for a Panamanian independence movement in return for a grant to exclusive rights to a canal across the Panama isthmus; provided short route between Atlantic and Pacific oceans; completed 1914.

Etc. notes:
I fail at spelling "Mexico," "Mexican," or any variations thereof. I have to type those words slowly.

When I edited this (summer of 2008), I had to delete my super-spectacular word of the day. And I was going to make a joke out of it being a pity, but there are no big-word synonyms for pity.

...So instead I will pray for your abject state, AP World History students. ;)

Chapter 24 vocab

CHAPTER 24

20 words

Mataram (565)
Kingdom that controlled interior regions of Java in 17th century; Dutch East India Company paid tribute to the kingdom for rights of trade at Batavia; weakness of kingdom after 1670s allowed Dutch to exert control over all of Java.

sepoys (565)
Troops that served the British East India Company; recruited from various warlike peoples of India.

British Raj (565)
British political establishment in India; developed as a result of the rivalry between France and Britain in India.

Plassey (566)
Battle in 1757 between troops of the British East India Company and an Indian army under Sirãj ud-daula, ruler of Bengal; British victory resulted in control of northern India.

Robert Clive (567)
Architect of British victory at Plassey; established foundations of British Raj in northern India (18^th century).

presidencies (568)
Three districts that made up the bulk of the directly ruled British territories in India; capitals at Madras, Calcutta, and Bombay.

princely states (568)
Domains of Indian princes allied with the British Raj; agents of East India Company were stationed at the rulers’ courts to ensure compliance; made up over one-third of the British Indian Empire.

nabobs (570)
Name given to British representatives of the East India Company who went briefly to India to make fortunes through graft and exploitation.

Lord Charles Cornwallis (570)
Reformer of the East India Company administration of India in the 1790s; reduced power of local British administrators; checked widespread corruption.

Ram Mohun Roy (572)
Western-educated Indian leader, early 19^th century; cooperated with British to outlaw sati.

Insadhlwana (575)
Location of battle fought in 1879 between the British and Zulu armies in southern Africa; resulted in defeat of British; one of few victories of African forces over western Europeans.

settlement colonies (576)
Areas, such as North America and Australia, that were both conquered by European invaders and settled by large numbers of European migrants who made the colonized areas their permanent home and dispersed and decimated the indigenous inhabitants.

White Dominions (576)
Colonies in which European settlers made up the overwhelming majority of the population; small numbers of native inhabitants were typically reduced by disease and wars of conquest; typical of British holdings in North America and Australia with growing independence in the 19^th century.

white racial supremacy (580)
Belief in the inherent mental, moral, and cultural superiority of whites; peaked in acceptance in decades before World War I; supported by social science doctrines of social Darwinists such as Herbert Spencer.

Natal (583)
British colony in south Africa; developed after Boer trek north from Cape Colony; major commercial outpost at Durban.

Boer Republics (583)
Transvaal and Orange Free State in southern Africa; established to assert independence of Boers from British colonial government in Cape Colony in 1850s; discovery of diamonds and precious metals caused British migration into the Boer areas in 1860s.

Cecil Rhodes (583)
British entrepreneur in south Africa around 1900; manipulated political situation in south Africa to gain entry to resources of Boer republics; encouraged Boer War as means of destroying Boer independence.

Boer War (583)
Fought between 1899 and 1902 over the continued independence of Boer republics; resulted in British victory, but began the process of decolonization in southern Africa.

Captain James Cook (584)
Made voyages to Hawaii from 1777 to 1779 resulting in opening of islands to the West; convinced Kamehameha to establish unified kingdom in the islands.

Kamehameha I (585)
Fought series of wars backed by British weapons and advisors resulted in unified Hawaiian kingdom by 1819; as king he promoted economic change encouraging Western merchants to establish export trade in Hawaiian goods.

Lulz, Kamehameha? And here I ignorantly believed that Akira Toriyama pulled that one out from between his eyebrows...

And some bonus big rainbowy text.

ESSAY TIME~
If it isn't yet, it's doubtlessly in your future.