No extra-specials word for you today. I'm not feeling verbose. I'm amazed that no one's thought of shooting me yet.
CHAPTER 28 VOCAB
38 words
Western Front (671)
Front established in World War I; generally along line from Belgium to Switzerland; featured trench warfare and horrendous casualties for all sides in the conflict.
Archduke Ferdinand (674)
Heir apparent to the Austro-Hungarian throne whose assassination in Sarajevo started World War I.
Sarajevo (674)
Administrative center of the Bosnian province of Austrian Empire; assassination here of Archduke Ferdinand in 1914 started World War I.
Nicholas II (677)
Tsar of Russia 1894-1917; forcefully suppressed political opposition and resisted constitutional government; deposed by revolution in 1917.
Gallipoli (680)
Peninsula south of Istanbul; site of decisive 1915 Turkish victory over Australian and New Zealand forces under British command during World War I.
Armenians (680) [Armenian genocide]
Assault carried out by mainly Turkish military forces against Armenian population in Anatolia in 1915; over a million Armenians perished and thousands fled to Russia and the Middle East.
Eastern Front (681)
Most mobile front of the fronts established during World War I; lacked trench warfare because of length of front extending from the Baltic to southern Russia; after early successes, military defeats led to downfall of the tsarist government in Russia.
Adolf Hitler (681)
Nazi leader of fascist Germany from 1933 to his suicide in 1945; created a strongly centralized state in Germany; eliminated all rivals; launched Germany on aggressive foreign policy leading to World War II; responsible for attempted genocide of European Jews.
Georges Clemenceau (682)
French prime minister in last years of World War I and during Versailles Conference of 1919; pushed for heavy reparations from Germans.
David Lloyd George (682)
Prime minister of Great Britain who headed a coalition government through much of World War I and the turbulent years that followed.
self-determination (682)
Right of people in a region to determine whether to be independent or not.
League of Nations (683)
International diplomatic and peace organization created in the Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I; one of the chief goals of President Woodrow Wilson of the United States in the peace negotiations; the United States was never a member.
Indian National Congress party (686)
Grew out of regional associations of Western educated Indians; originally centered in cities of Bombay, Poona, Calcutta, and Madras; became political party in 1885; focus of nationalist movement in India; governed through most of postcolonial period.
B. G. Tilak (687)
Believed that nationalism in India should be based on appeals to Hindu religiosity; worked to promote the restoration and revival of ancient Hindu traditions; offended Muslims and other religious groups; first populist leader in India.
Morley-Minto reforms (688)
Provided education Indians with considerably expanded opportunities to elect and serve on local and all-India legislative councils.
Montagu-Chelmsford reforms (688)
Increased the powers of Indian legislators at the all-India level and placed much of the provincial administration of India under local ministries controlled by legislative bodies with substantial numbers of elected Indians; passed in 1919.
Rowlatt Act (688)
Placed severe restrictions on key Indian civil rights such as freedom of the press; acted to offset the concessions granted under Montagu-Chelmsford reforms of 1919.
Mohandas Gandhi (688)
Led sustained all-India campaign for independence from British Empire after World War I; stressed nonviolent but aggressive mass protest.
satyagraha (688)
Literally, “truth-force”; strategy of nonviolent protest developed by Mohandas Gandhi and his followers in India; later deployed throughout the colonized world and in the United States.
Lord Cromer (689)
British adviser in khedival Egypt; pushed for economic reforms that reduced but failed to eliminate the debts of the khedival regime.
effendi (690)
Class of prosperous business and professional urban families in khedival Egypt; as a class generally favored Egyptian independence.
Dinshawai incident (690)
Clash between British soldiers and Egyptian villagers in 1906; arose over hunting accident along Nile River where wife of prayer leader of mosque was accidentally shot by army officers hunting pigeons; led to Egyptian protest movement.
Ataturk (691)
Also known as Mustafa Kemal; leader of Turkish republic formed in 1923; reformed Turkish nation using Western models.
Hussein (691)
Sherif of Mecca; used British promise of independence to convince Arabs to support Britain against the Turks in World War I; angered by Britain’s failure to keep promise.
mandates (691)
Governments entrusted to European nations in the Middle East in the aftermath of World War I; Britain occupied Iraq and Palestine, while France occupied Syria and Lebanon after 1922.
Zionists [Zionism] (692)
Followers of the movement originating in eastern Europe during the 1860s and 1870s that argued that the Jews must return to a Middle Eastern holy land; eventually identified with the settlement of Palestine.
Balfour Declaration (692)
British minister Lord Balfour’s promise of support for the establishment of Jewish settlement in Palestine issued in 1917.
Leon Pinsker (692)
European Zionist who believed that Jewish assimilation into Christian European nations was impossible; argued for return to Middle Eastern Holy Land.
Theodor Herzl (692)
Austrian journalist and Zionist; formed World Zionist Organization in 1897; promoted Jewish migration to Palestine and formation of a Jewish state.
Alfred Dreyfus (692)
French Jew falsely accused of passing military secrets to the Germans; his mistreatment and exile to Devil’s Island provided flashpoint for years of bitter debate between the left and right in France.
World Zionist Organization (692)
Founded by Theodor Herzl to promote Jewish migration to and settlement in Palestine to form a Zionist state.
Wafd party (693)
Egyptian nationalist party that emerged after an Egyptian delegation was refused a hearing at the Versailles treaty negotiations following World War I; led by Sa’d Zaghlul; negotiations eventually led to limited Egyptian independence beginning in 1922.
Sa’d Zaghlul (693)
Leader of Egypt’s nationalist Wafd party; their negotiations with British led to limited Egyptian independence in 1922.
Marcus Garvey (695)
African American political leader; had a major impact on emerging African nationalist leaders in the 1920s and 1930s.
W.E.B. DuBois (695)
African American political leader; had a major impact on emerging African nationalist leaders in the 1920s and 1930s.
pan-African (695)
Organization that brought together intellectuals and political leaders from areas of Africa and African diaspora before and after World War I.
négritude (696)
Literary movement in Africa; attempted to combat racial stereotypes of African culture; celebrated the beauty of black skin and African physique; associated with origins of African nationalist movements.
Léopold Sédar Senghor (696)
One of the post-World War I writers of the négritude literary movement that urged pride in African values.
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