Chapter 35 vocab

Welcome back the carpal tunnel with ooooopen arms, babes.

CHAPTER 35 VOCAB
36 words

Pacific Rim (863)
Region including Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan; typified by rapid growth rates, expanding exports, and industrialization; either Chinese or strongly influenced by Confucian values; considerable reliance on government planning and direction, limitations on dissent and instability.

Taiwan (864)
Island off Chinese mainland; became refuge for Nationalist Chinese regime under Chiang Kai-shek as Republic of China in 1948; successfully retained independence with aid of United States; rapidly industrialized after 1950s.

Liberal Democratic party (866)
Monopolized Japanese government from its formation in 1955 into the 1990s; largely responsible for the economic reconstruction of Japan.

Republic of Korea (866)
Southern half of Korea sponsored by United States following World War II; headed by nationalist Syngman Rhee; developed parliamentary institutions but maintained authoritarian government; defended by UN forces during Korean War; underwent industrialization and economic emergence after 1950s.

People’s Democratic Republic of Korea (866)
Northern half of Korea dominated by USSR; long headed by Kim Il-Sung; attacked south in 1950 and initiated Korean War; retained independence as a communist state after the war.

Korean War (866)
Fought from 1950 to 1953; North supported by USSR and later People’s Republic of China; South supported by United States and small international United Nations force; ended in stalemate and continued division of Korea.

Hong Kong (867)
British colony on Chinese mainland; major commercial center; agreement reached between Britain and People’s Republic of China returned colony to China in 1997.

Hyundai (872)
Example of huge industrial groups that wield great power in modern South Korea; virtually governed Korea’s southeastern coast; vertical economic organization with ships, supertankers, factories, schools, and housing units.

Chiang Ching-kuo (874)
Son and successor of Chiang Kai-shek as ruler of Taiwanese government in 1978; continued authoritarian government; attempted to lessen gap between followers of his father and indigenous islanders.

Lee Kuan Yew (874)
Ruler of Singapore from independence in 1959 through three decades; established tightly controlled authoritarian government; ruled through People’s Action party to suppress political diversity.

People’s Republic of China (877)
Communist government of mainland China; proclaimed in 1949 following military success of Mao Zedong over forces of Chiang Kai-shek and the Guomindang.

Lin Biao (877)
Chinese commander under Mao; trained at Chiang Kai-shek’s Whampoa Academy in the 1920s.

party cadres (877)
Basis of China’s communist government organization; cadre advisors were attached to military contingents at all levels.

People’s Liberation Army (877)
Chinese Communist army; administered much of country under People’s Republic of China.

Mass Line (878)
Economic policy of Mao Zedong; led to formation of agricultural cooperatives in 1955; cooperatives became farming collectives in 1956.

Great Leap Forward (879)
Economic policy of Mao Zedong introduced in 1958; proposed industrialization of small-scale projects integrated into peasant communes; led to economic disaster; ended in 1960.

pragmatists (880)
Chinese Communist politicians such as Zhou Enlai, Deng Ziaoping, and Liu Shaoqui; determined to restore state direction and market incentives at the local level; opposed Great Leap Forward.

Zhou Enlai (880)
After Mao Zedong, the most important leader of the Communist party in China from the 1930s until his death in 1976; premier of China from 1954; notable as perhaps the most cosmopolitan and moderate of the inner circle of Communist leaders.

Liu Shaoqui (880)
Chinese Communist pragmatist; with Deng Xiaoping, came to power after Mao; determined to restore state direction and market incentives at local level.

Deng Ziaoping (880)
One of the more pragmatic, least ideological of the major Communist leaders of China; joined the party as a young man in the 1920s, survived the legendary Long March and persecution during the Cultural Revolution of the 1970s, and emerged as China’s most influential leader in the early 1980s.

Jiang Qing (880)
Wife of Mao Zedong; one of Gang of Four; opposed pragmatists and supported Cultural Revolution of 1965; arrested and imprisoned for life in 1976.

Cultural Revolution (882)
Movement initiated in 1965 by Mao Zedong to restore his dominance over pragmatists; used mobs to ridicule Mao’s political rivals; campaign was called off in 1968.

Red Guard (882)
Student brigades utilized by Mao Zedong and his political allies during the Cultural Revolution to discredit Mao’s political enemies.

Gang of Four (883)
Jiang Qing and four political allies who attempted to seize control of Communist government in China from the pragmatists; arrested and sentences to life imprisonment in 1976 following Mao Zedong’s death.

Tayson Rebellion (884)
Peasant revolution in southern Vietnam during the late 1770s; succeeded in toppling the Nguyen dynasty; subsequently unseated the Trinh dynasty of northern Vietnam.

Trinh (884)
Dynasty that ruled in northern Vietnam at Hanoi; rivals of Nguyen family in south.

Nguyen Anh (884)
Last surviving member of Nguyen dynasty following Tayson Rebellion in Vietnam; with French support retook southern Vietnam; drove Tayson from northern Vietnam by 1802; proclaimed himself emperor with capital at Hue; also known as Gia Long.

Minh Mang (884)
Second emperor of a united Vietnam; successor of Nguyen Anh; ruled from 1820 to 1841; sponsored emphasis of Confucianism; persecuted Catholics.

Vietnamese Nationalist party (885)
Also known as the Vietnamese Quoc Dan Dong or VNQDD; active in 1920s as revolutionary force committed to violent overthrow of French colonialism.

Communist party of Vietnam (886)
Originally a wing of nationalist movement; became primary nationalist party after decline of VNQDD in 1929; led in late 1920s by Nguyen Ai Quoc, alias Ho Chi Minh.

Ho Chi Minh (886)
Also known as Nguyen Ai Quoc; led Vietnamese Communist party in struggle for liberation from French and U.S. dominance and to unify north and south Vietnam.

Viet Minh (886)
Communist-dominated Vietnamese nationalist movement; operated out of base in southern China during World War II; employed guerilla tactics similar to the Maoists in China.

Vo Nguyen Giap (886)
Chief military commander of the Viet Minh; architect of the Vietnamese victory over the French at Dien Bien Phu in 1954.

Dien Bien Phu (886)
Most significant victory of the Viet Minh over French colonial forces in 1954; gave the Viet Minh control of northern Vietnam.

Ngo Dinh Diem (887)
Political leader of South Vietnam; established as president with United States support in the 1950s; opposed Communist government of North Vietnam; overthrown by military coup supported by United States.

Viet Cong (887)
Name given by Diem regime to communist guerrilla movement in southern Vietnam; reorganized with northern Vietnamese assistance as the National Liberation Front in 1958.


Etc. notes:
Our time is drawing to a close, loved ones! It was certain fugacious, was it not?

Chapter 34 vocab

CHAPTER 34 VOCAB
21 words

Bangladesh (837)
Founded as an independent nation in 1972; formerly East Pakistan.

Indira Gandhi (845)
Daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru (no relation to Mahatma Gandhi); installed as a figurehead prime minister by the Congress party bosses in 1966; a strong-willed and astute politician, she soon became the central figure in India politics, a position she maintained through the 1970s and passed on to her sons.

Corazon Aquino (845)
First president of the Philippines in the post-Marcos era of the 1980s; Aquino, whose husband was assassinated by thugs in the pay of the Marcos regime, was one of the key leaders in the popular movement that toppled the dictator.

Jawaharlal Nehru (845)
One of Gandhi’s disciples; governed India after independence (1947); committed to program of social reform and economic development; preserved civil rights and democracy.

Benazir Bhutto (845)
Twice prime minister of Pakistan in the 1980s and 1990s; first ran for office to avenge her father’s execution by the military clique then in power.

religious revivalism (846)
An approach to religious belief and practice that stresses the literal interpretation of texts sacred to the religion in question and the application of their precepts to all aspects of social life; increasingly associated with revivalist movements in a number of world religions, including Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and Hinduism.

primary products (846)
Food or industrial crops for which there is a high demand in industrialized economies; prices of such products tend to fluctuate widely; typically the primary exports of Third World economies.

neocolonial economy (846)
Industrialized nations’ continued dominance of the world economy; ability of the industrialized nations to maintain economic colonialism without political colonialism.

Gamal Abdul Nasser (850)
Took power in Egypt following a military coup in 1952; enacted land reforms and used state resources to reduce unemployment; ousted Britain from the Suez Canal zone in 1956.

Free Officers movement (850)
Military nationalist movement in Egypt founded in the 1930s; often allied with the Muslim Brotherhood; led coup to seize Egyptian government from khedive in July 1952.

Muslim Brotherhood (850)
Egyptian nationalist movement founded by Hasan al-Banna in 1928; committed to fundamentalist movement in Islam; fostered strikes and urban riots against the khedival government.

Anwar Sadat (853)
Successor to Gamal Abdul Nasser as ruler of Egypt; acted to dismantle costly state programs; accepted peace treaty with Israel in 1973; opened Egypt to investment by Western nations.

Hosni Mubarak (854)
President of Egypt since 1982; succeeding Anwar Sadat and continuing his policies of cooperation with the West.

Green Revolution (854)
Introduction of improved seed strains, fertilizers, and irrigation as a means of producing higher yields in crops such as rice, wheat, and corn; particularly important in the densely populated countries of Asia.

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini (855)
Religious ruler of Iran following revolution of 1979 to expel the Pahlavi shah of Iran; emphasized religious purification; tried to eliminate Western influences and establish purely Islamic government.

homelands (857)
Under apartheid, areas in South Africa designated for ethnolinguistic groups within the black African population; such areas tend to be overpopulated and poverty-stricken.

African National Congress (858)
Black political organization within South Africa; pressed for end to policies of apartheid; sought open democracy leading to black majority rule; until the 1990s declared illegal in South Africa.

Walter Sisulu (858)
Black African leader who, along with Nelson Mandela, opposed apartheid system in South Africa.

Nelson Mandela (858)
Long-imprisoned leader of the African National Congress party; worked with ANC leadership and F. W. de Klerk’s supporters to dismantle the apartheid system from the mid-1980s onward; in 1994, became the first black prime minister of South Africa after the ANC won the first genuinely democratic elections in the country’s history.

Steve Biko (858)
An organizer of Black Consciousness movement in South Africa, in opposition to apartheid; murdered while in police custody.

F. W. de Klerk (858)
White South Africa prime minister in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Working with Nelson Mandela and the African National Congress, de Klerk successfully dismantled the apartheid system and opened the way for a democratically elected government that represented all South Africans for the first time.

I have hand cramp like whoa from the two essays we did in a row. :\ No fair, Mr. Allen. I purposely leave my outline until Thursday evening, and I do well on your tests! *flail* Grrrnaghh!


Etc. notes:
My word-of-the-post for this one was illimitable. Just how did I end up using that one in the proper context, anyway? ...Oh, yeah. In reference to the cuteness level at CuteOverload.com. Have you gone yet? Have you? You better. Get comfy with those bunnies and mousies and chickies.

Chapter 33 vocab

This is probably the season in which your grades dip a little lower than you'd like. I should know; I was in the B range around this time, judging by the earlier version of this post. Well, don't sweat it too much. Most of the time it fixes itself.

CHAPTER 33 VOCAB
15 words

third world (813)
Also known as developing nations; nations outside the capitalist industrial nations of the first world and the industrialized communist nations of the second world; generally less economically powerful, but with varied economies.

PRI (816)
Party of the Institutionalized Revolution; dominant political party in Mexico; developed during the 1920s and 1930s; incorporated labor, peasant, military, and middle-class sectors; controlled other political organizations in Mexico.

Zapatistas (816)
Guerrilla movement named in honor of Emiliano Zapata; originated in 1994 in Mexico’s southern state of Chiapas; government responded with a combination of repression and negotiation.

Juan José Arevalo (819)
Elected president of Guatemala in 1944; began series of socialist reforms including land reform; nationalist program directed against foreign-owned companies such as United Fruit Company.

United Fruit Company (819)
Most important foreign economic concern in Guatemala during the 20^th century; attempted land reform aimed at United Fruit caused U.S. intervention in Guatemalan politics leading to ouster of reform government in 1954.

Fulgencio Batista (819)
Dictator of Cuba from 1934 to 1944; returned to presidency in 1952; ousted from government by revolution led by Fidel Castro.

Fidel Castro (820)
Cuban revolutionary; overthrew dictator Fulgencio Batista in 1958; initiated series of socialist reforms; came to depend almost exclusively on Soviet Untion.

Ernesto “Che” Guevara (820)
Argentine revolutionary; aided Fidel Castro in overthrow of Fulgencio Batista regime in Cuba; died while directing guerrilla movement in Bolivia in 1967.

liberation theology (821)
Combined Catholic theology and socialist principles in effort to bring about improved conditions for the poor in Latin America in 20^th century.

Salvador Allende (823)
President of Chile; nationalized industries and banks; sponsored peasant and worker expropriations of lands and foreign-owned factories; overthrown in 1973 by revolt of Chilean military with the support of the United States.

Sandinista party (824)
Nicaraguan socialist movement named after Augusto Sandino; successfully carried out a socialist revolution in Nicaragua during the 1980s.

Augusto Sandino (825)
Led a guerrilla resistance movement against U.S. occupation forces in Nicaragua; assassinated by Nicaraguan National Guard in 1934; became national hero and symbol of resistance to U.S. influence in Central America.

banana republics (825)
Term given to governments supported or created by the United States in Central America; believed to be either corrupt or subservient to U.S. interests.

Good Neighbor Policy (826)
Established by Franklin D. Roosevelt for dealing with Latin America in 1933; intended to halt direct intervention in Latin American politics.

Alliance for Progress (826)
Begun in 1961 by the United States to develop Latin America as an alternative to radical political solutions; enjoyed only limited success; failure of development programs led to renewal of direct intervention.

Etc. notes:
Google's Quote of the Day service spits this out at me. Propitious? I dunno.
"Disobedience, in the eyes of anyone who has read history, is man's original virtue. It is through disobedience and rebellion that progress has been made."
- Oscar Wilde.

Chapter 32 vocab

Circumlocution. It is a good word.

CHAPTER 32 VOCAB
15 words

eastern bloc (781)
Nations favorable to the Soviet Union in eastern Europe during the cold war – particularly Poland, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, and East Germany.

Harry Truman (781)
American president from 1945 to 1952; less eager for smooth relations with the Soviet Union than Franklin Roosevelt; authorized use of atomic bomb during World War II; architect of American diplomacy that initiated the cold war.

iron curtain (781)
Phrase coined by Winston Churchill to describe the division between free and communist societies taking shape in Europe after 1946.

Marshall Plan (781)
Program for substantial loans initiated by the United States in 1947; designed to aid Western nations in rebuilding from the war’s devastation; vehicle for American economic dominance.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (782)
Created in 1949 under United States leadership to group most of the western European powers plus Canada in a defensive alliance against possible Soviet aggression.

Warsaw Pact (782)
Alliance organized by Soviet Union with its eastern European satellites to balance formation of NATO by Western powers in 1949.

welfare state (784)
New activism of the western European state in economic policy and welfare issues after World War II; introduced programs to reduce the impact of economic inequality; typically included medical programs and economic planning.

technocrat (785)
New type of bureaucrat; intensely trained in engineering or economics and devoted to the power of national planning; came to fore in offices of governments during World War II.

Green movement (785)
Political parties, especially in Europe, focusing on environmental issues and control over economic growth.

European Union (786)
Began as European Economic Community (or Common Market), an alliance of Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands, to create a single economic entity across national boundaries in 1958; later joined by Britain, Ireland, Denmark, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Sweden, Austria, Finland, and other nations for further European economic integration.

new feminism (796)
New wave of women’s rights agitation dating from 1949; emphasized more literal equality that would play down domestic roles and qualities for women; promoted specific reforms and redefinition of what it meant to be female.

Berlin Wall (800)
Built in 1961 to halt the flow of immigration from East Berlin to West Berlin; immigration was in response to lack of consumer goods and close Soviet control of economy and politics; torn down at end of cold war in 1991.

Solidarity (800)
Polish labor movement formed in 1970s under Lech Walesa; challenged USSR-dominated government of Poland.

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (803)
Russian author critical of the Soviet regime but also of western materialism; published trilogy on the Siberian prison camps, The Gulag Archipelago.

Nikita Khrushchev (805)
Stalin’s successor as head of USSR; attacked Stalinism in 1956 for concentration of power and arbitrary dictatorship; failure of Siberian development program and antagonism of Stalinists led to downfall.


Etc. notes:
And your quote o' the post, provided by my favorite poet, Carl Sandburg:
"I never made a mistake in grammar but one in my life and as soon as I done it I seen it.”

Chapter 31 vocab

CHAPTER 31 VOCAB
28 words

National Socialist party (753)
Also known as the Nazi party; led by Adolf Hitler in Germany; picked up political support during the economic chaos of the Great Depression; advocated authoritarian state under a single leader, aggressive foreign policy to reverse humiliation of the Versailles treaty; took power in Germany in 1933.

blitzkrieg (757)
German term for lightning warfare; involved rapid movement of troops, tanks, and mechanized carriers; resulted in early German victories over Belgium, Holland, and France in World War II.

Vichy (757)
French collaborationist government established in 1940 in southern France following defeat of French armies by the Germans.

Winston Churchill (758)
British prime minister during World War II; responsible for British resistance to German air assaults.

Battle of Britain (758)
The 1940 Nazi air offensive including saturation bombing of London and other British cities, countered by British innovative air tactics and radar tracking of Germany assault aircraft.

Holocaust (760)
Term for Hitler’s attempted genocide of European Jews during World War II; resulted in deaths of 6 million Jews.

Battle of the Bulge (761)
Hitler’s last-ditch effort to repel the invading Allied armies in the winter of 1944-1945.

Pearl Harbor (761)
American naval base in Hawaii; attack by Japanese on this facility in December 1941 crippled American fleet in the Pacific and caused entry of United States into World War II.

Battle of the Coral Sea (762)
World War II Pacific battle; United States and Japanese forces fought to a standoff.

Midway Island (762)
World War II Pacific battle; decisive U.S. victory over powerful Japanese carrier force.

United Nations (764)
International organization formed in the aftermath of World War II; included all of the victorious Allies; its primary mission was to provide a forum for negotiating disputes.

Tehran Conference (765)
Meeting among leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union in 1943; agreed to the opening of a new front in France.

Yalta Conference (765)
Meeting among leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union in 1945; agreed to Soviet entry into the Pacific war in return for possessions in Manchuria, organization of the United Nations; disputed the division of political organization in the eastern European states to be reestablished after the war.

Potsdam Conference (765)
Meeting among leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union just before the end of World War II in 1945; Allies agreed upon Soviet domination in eastern Europe; Germany and Austria to be divided among victorious allies.

total war (767)
Warfare of the 20th century; vast resources and emotional commitments of belligerent nations were marshaled to support military effort; resulted from impact of industrialization on the military effort reflecting technological innovation and organizational capacity.

Atlantic Charter of 1941 (767)
World War II alliance agreement between the United States and Britain; included a clause that recognized the right of all people to choose the form of government under which they live; indicated sympathy for decolonization.

Quit India movement (767)
Mass civil disobedience campaign that began in the summer of 1942 to end British control of India.

Muslim League (768)
Founded in 1906 to better support demands of Muslims for separate electorates and legislative seats in Hindu-dominated India; represented division within Indian nationalist movement.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah (768)
Muslim nationalist in India; originally a member of the Nationalist Congress party; became leader of Muslim League; traded Muslim support for British during World War II for promises of a separate Muslim state after the war; first president of Pakistan.

Convention Peoples Party (CPP) (769)
Political party established by Kwame Nkrumah in opposition to British control of colonial legislature in Gold Coast.

Jomo Kenyatta (771)
Leader of the nonviolent nationalist party in Kenya; organized the Kenya Africa Union (KAU); failed to win concessions because of resistance of white settlers; came to power only after suppression of the Land Freedom Army, or Mau Mau.

Kenya African Union (KAU) (771)
Leading nationalist party in Kenya; adopted nonviolent approach to ending British control in the 1950s.

Land Freedom Army (771)
Radical organization for independence in Kenya; frustrated by failure of nonviolent means, initiated campaign of terror in 1952; referred to by British as the Mau Mau.

National Liberation Front (FLN) (771)
Radical nationalist movement in Algeria; launched sustained guerrilla war against France in the 1950s; success of attacks led to independence of Algeria in 1958.

Secret Army Organization (OAS) (772)
Organization of French settlers in Algeria; led guerrilla war following independence during the 1960s; assaults directed against Arabs, Berbers, and French who advocated independence.

Afrikaner National Party (773)
Emerged as the majority party in the all-white South African legislature after 1948; advocated complete independence from Britain; favored a rigid system of racial segregation called apartheid.

apartheid (773)
Policy of strict racial segregation imposed in South Africa to permit the continued dominance of whites politically and economically.

Haganah (774)
Zionist military force engaged in violent resistance to British presence in Palestine in the 1940s.

Etc. notes:
I don't think I actually had a word-of-the-post in the first version of this entry. Shame. And I shall keep it that way. B)