CHAPTER 25
30 words
Toussaint L’Overture (591)
Leader of slave rebellion on the French sugar island of St. Domingue in 1791; led to creation of independent republic of Haiti in 1804.
Mexican priest who established independence movement among American Indians and mestizos in 1810; despite early victories, was captured and executed.
Augustín de Iturbide (591)
Conservative Creole officer in Mexican army who signed agreement with insurgent forces of independence; combined forces entered Mexico City in 1821; later proclaimed emperor of Mexico until its collapse in 1824.
Simon Bolívar (592)
Creole military officer in northern South America; won series of victories in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador between 1817 and 1822; military success led to creation of independent state of Gran Colombia.
Gran Colombia (592)
Independent state created in South America as a result of military success of Simon Bolívar; existed only until 1830, at which time Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate nations.
José de San Martín (592)
Leader of independence movement in Rio de la Plata; led to independence of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata by 1816; later led to independence movement in Chile and Peru as well.
João VI (593)
Portuguese monarch who established seat of government in Brazil from 1808 to 1820 as a result of Napoleonic invasion of Iberian peninsula; made Brazil seat of empire with capital at Rio de Janeiro.
Pedro I (593)
Son and successor of João VI in Brazil; aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence from Portugal in 1822; became constitutional emperor of Brazil.
Andrés Santa Cruz (595)
Mestizo general who established union of independent Peru and Bolivia between 1829 and 1839.
caudillos (595)
Independent leaders who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized national governments to impose their concept of rule; typical throughout newly independent countries of Latin America.
centralists (595)
Latin American politicians who wished to create strong, centralized national governments with broad powers; often supported by politicians who described themselves as conservatives.
federalists (595)
Latin American politicians who wanted policies, especially fiscal and commercial regulation, to be set by regional governments rather than centralized national administrations; often supported by politicians who described themselves as liberals.
Juan Manuel de Rosas (598)
Strongman leader in Buenos Aires; took power in 1831; commanded loyalty of gauchos; restored local autonomy.
General Antonio López de Santa Anna (598)
Seized power in Mexico after collapse of empire of Mexico in 1824; after brief reign of liberals, seized power in 1835 as caudillo; defeated by Texans in war for independence in 1836; defeated by United States in Mexican-American War in 1848; unseated by liberal rebellion in 1854.
Monroe Doctrine (598)
American declaration stated in 1823; established that any attempt of a European country to colonize in the Americas would be considered an unfriendly act by the United States; supported by Great Britain as a means of opening Latin American trade.
guano (599)
Bird droppings utilized as fertilizer; exported from Peru as a major item of trade between 1850 and 1880; income from trade permitted end to American Indian tribute and abolition of slavery.
positivism (600)
French philosophy based on observation and scientific approach to problems of society; adopted by many Latin American liberals in the aftermath of independence.
Auguste Comte (600)
French philosopher (19th century); founder of positivism, a philosophy that stressed observation and scientific approaches to the problems of society.
Belief of the government of the United States that it was destined to rule the continent from coast to coast; led to annexation of Texas and Mexican-American War.
Agreement that ended the Mexican-American War; provided for loss of Texas and California to the United States; left legacy of distrust of the United States in Latin America.
Mexican-American War (601)
Fought between Mexico and the United States from 1846 to 1848; led to devastating defeat of Mexican forces, loss of about one-half of Mexico’s national territory to the United States.
Benito Juárez (601)
Indian governor of state of Oaxaca in Mexico; leader of liberal rebellion against Santa Anna; liberal government defeated by French intervention under Emperor Napoleon III of France and establishment of Mexican Empire under Maximilian; restored to power in 1867 until his death in 1872.
La Reforma (602)
The liberal rebellion of Benito Juárez against the forces of Santa Anna.
Maximilian von Habsburg (602)
Proclaimed Emperor Maximilian of Mexico following intervention of France in 1862; ruled until overthrow and execution by liberal revolutionaries under Benito Juárez in 1867.
Argentine Republic (603)
Replaced state of Buenos Aires in 1862; resulted of compromise between centralists and federalists.
Domingo F. Sarmiento (604)
Liberal politician and president of Argentine Republic; author of Facundo, a critique of caudillo politics; increased international trade, launched internal reforms in education and transportation.
fazendas (605)
Coffee estates that spread within interior of Brazil between 1840 and 1860; created major export commodity for Brazilian trade; led to intensification of slavery in Brazil.
cientificos (612)
Advisors of government of Porfirio Díaz who were strongly influenced by positivist ideas; permitted government to project image of modernization.
Spanish-American War (613)
War fought between Spain and the United States beginning in 1898; centered on Cuba and Puerto Rico; permitted American intervention in Caribbean, annexation of Puerto Rico and the Philippines.
Panama Canal (613)
An aspect of American intervention in Latin America; resulted from United States support for a Panamanian independence movement in return for a grant to exclusive rights to a canal across the Panama isthmus; provided short route between Atlantic and Pacific oceans; completed 1914.
Etc. notes:
I fail at spelling "Mexico," "Mexican," or any variations thereof. I have to type those words slowly.
When I edited this (summer of 2008), I had to delete my super-spectacular word of the day. And I was going to make a joke out of it being a pity, but there are no big-word synonyms for pity.
...So instead I will pray for your abject state, AP World History students. ;)
1 comment:
Jaimie,
so i went on that cute overload and i must admits it's cute!(sigh of relief...i guess i don't have a heart of stone!)anyhoo, uh ya thanks just for always doing this and being so punctual about it too!
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